tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5080319500996268622024-02-18T18:58:52.080-08:00CARI CARIAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-15583277913240073002016-01-01T12:04:00.001-08:002016-01-01T13:55:08.476-08:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FARMASI FISIKA “KELARUTAN”<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.co.id/" target="_blank">PENENTUANNILAI HLB BUTUH MINYAK DENGAN JARAK HLB LUAS DAN SEMPIT</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghitung jumlah golongan surfaktan
yang digunakan dalam pembuatan emulsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuat emulsi dengan mengunakan
emulgator golongan surfaktan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengevaluasi ketidakstabilan suatu
emulsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menentukan HLB butuh minyak yang digunakan
dalam pembuatan emulsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defenisi
Emulsifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsifikasi
merupakan proses pembentukan emulsi pada suatu sediaan farmasi(susanti.2008) .
Terdapat beberapa pengertian tentang emulsi, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.
</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FI III : 9<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Emulsi adalah sediaan yang mengandung bahan
obat cair atau cairan obat terdispersidalam cairan pembawa distabilkan dengan
zat pengemulsi atau surfaktan yang cocok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.
</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FI IV : 6 </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Emulsi adalah sistem dua fase dimana salah
satu cairannya terdispersi dalam cairanyang lain dalam bentuk tetesan-tetesan
kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.
</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Ensyclopedia : 138<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Umumnya digambarkan sebagai sistem heterogen,
terdiri dari dua cairan yang tidak bercampur. Satu diantaranya didispersikan
secara seragam sebagai tetesan kecil dalamcairan lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.
</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Formularium Nasional : 412<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi
adalah sediaan berupa campuran terdiri dari dua fase cairan dalam
sistemdispersi; yang satu terdispersi sangat halus dan merata dalam fase cairan
lainnya;umumnya dimantapkan dengan zat pengemulsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
bidang farmasi, emulsi biasanya terdiri dari minyak dan air. Berdasarkan fasa terdispersinya
dikenal dua jenis emulsi, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi minyak dalam air, yaitu bila fasa
minyak, terdispersi di dalam fasa air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi air dalam minyak, yaitu bila fasa
air terdispersi di dalam fasa minyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat pengemulsi (emulgator) merupakan
komponen yang paling penting agar memperoleh emulsi yang stabil. Zat pengemulsi
adalah PGA, tragakan, gelatin, sapodan lain-lain. Pada pembuatan emulsi,
surfaktan juga dapat digunakan sebagai emulgator. Jika surfaktan yang digunakan
sebagai emulgator maka dapat terbentuk suatu emulsi ganda (multiple emulsion).
Sistem ini merupakan jenis emulsi air-minyak-air atau sebaliknya. Mekanisme
kerja emulgator semacam
ini berdasarkan atas
kemampuannya menurunkan
tegangan permukaan air
dan minyak serta
membentuk lapisan monomolecular
pada permukaan globul fase terdispersi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa zat pegemulsi yang umum digunakan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Golongan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tipe
emulsi yang terbentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Trietanolamin oleat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zat aktif permukaan (anionic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w (HLB = 12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">N-setil N-etilmorfolinum etosulfat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zat aktif permukaan (anionic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w (HLB = 25) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sorbiton monoleat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 173.35pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zat aktif permukaan (anionic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w (HLB
= 4.3) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.6pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Polioksietilen sorbiton monoleat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 173.35pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zat aktif permukaan (anionic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w (HLB = 15) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">akasia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Koloid hidrofilik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gelatin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 173.35pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Koloid hidrofilik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bentonit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 173.35pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partikel padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">vagum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partikel padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karbon hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partikel padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">o/w<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 3 macam golongan emulgator : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi monomolekuler / surfaktan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi molekuler<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi partikel padat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi monomolekuler
/ surfaktan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara kimia molekul surfaktan terdiri
atas gugus polar dan non polar. Apabila surfaktan dimasukkan ke dalam sistem
yang terdiri dari air dan minyak, maka gugus polar akan mengarah ke fase air
sedangkan gugus non polar akan mengarah ke fase minyak. Surfaktan yang
didominasi gugus polar akan cenderung membentuk emulsi minyak dalam air.
Sedangkan jika molekul surfaktan lebih didominasi gugus non polar akan cenderung
menghasilkan emulsi air dalam minyak. Metode
yang dapat digunakan
untuk menilai efisiensi
surfaktan sebagai emulgator
adalah Metode HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Griffin menyusun suatu skala ukuran HLB
surfaktan yang dapat digunakan menyusun daerah efisiensi HLB optimum untuk setiap fungsi surfaktan.
Semakin tinggi nilai HLB suatu
surfakatan, sifat kepolarannnya akan meningkat. Disamping itu, HLB butuh minyak
yang digunakan juga perlu diketahui. Pada umumnya nilai HLB butuh suatu minyak adalah tetap untuk setiap
emulsi tertentu dan nilai ini di tentukan berdasarkan percobaan. Menurut Griffin, nilai HLB butuh
setara dengan nilai HLB surfaktan yang digunakan untuk mengemulsikan minyak
dengan air sehingga membentuk suatu emulsi yang stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ paraffin cair 20% HLB 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Emulgator 5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air ad 100%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara teoritis
emulgator dengan HLB 12 merupakan emulgator yang paling cocok untuk pembuatan
emulsi dengan formulasi diatas. Tetapi pada kenyataannya jarang sekali
ditemukan surfaktan dengan HLB yang nilainya sama dengan nilai HLB butuh minyak
fase minyak.oleh karena itu pengunaan kombinasi surfaktan dengan nilai HLB
rendah dan tinggi akan memberikan hasil yang lebih baik.hal ini disebabkan
karena dengan mengunakan kombinasi emulgator yang akan diperoleh nilai HLB
butuh minyak, misalnya pada emulsi tersebut diatas mengunakan kombinasi tween
80 (HLB 15) dan span (HLB 4,3) diperlukan perhitungan jumlah masing-masing
emulgator.jumlah tersebut dihitung melalui cara berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah emulgator yang dibutuhkan =
5% x 100 g =5 g <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalkan jumlah tween 80 = a g,
maka span 80 =(5- a) g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x 15)+(5-a) x (4,3)
=(5x12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15a + 21,5 – 4,3 a = 60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10,7 a =38,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a = 3,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jadi, jumlah tween 80 yang dibutukan =
3,6 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jumlah span 80
yang dibutuhkan = (5-3,6) g =1,4 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disamping itu,
pengunaan kombinasi dua emulgator akan menghasilkan emulsi yang stabil karena
terbentuknya lapisan monomolekuler yang lebih rapat pada permukaan globul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakstabilan
Emulsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Flokulasi dan Creming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenomena ini terjadi
karena pengabungan partikel yang disebabkan oleh adanya energy bebas permukaa
semata.sifatnya reversible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengabungan dan Pemecahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">koalesan dan breaking. Pecahnya emulsi karena lapisan film
yang meliputi partikel rusak dan butir minyak akan koalesen (menyatu). Sifatnya
ireversibel (tidak bias diperbaiki).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai Jenis Perubahan Kimia dan
Fisika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa kimia seperti
penambahan alkhol,perubahan CaCl2. Peristiwa fisika, seperti pemanasan,peyaringan,pendiginan
dan pengadukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inverse Fase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa berubahnya
sekonyong-konyong tipe emulsi w/o menjadi o/w atau sebaliknya dan sifat
irreversible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.4pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumping Dan Alu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas Ukur <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hotplate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas Beker <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang Pengaduk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.45pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquadest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tween</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Span<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB lebar<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/ Minyak 30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tween </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">+
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Span</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 30%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air ad 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibuat emulsi
dengannilai HLB butuh masing-masing 8,9,10,11,12,13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB Sempit<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil percobaan di atas diperoleh nilai HLB butuh berdasarkan emulsi yang
tampak relatif paling stabil. Misalnya nilai HLB butuhnya 9, maka untuk
memperoleh nilai HLB butuh lebih akurat, perlu satu seri emulsi lagi dengan
nilai HLB 8 sampai 10 dengan jarak HLB masing-masing 0,25.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menghitung jumlah tween dan spa yang dibutuhkan
untuk setiap nilai HLB butuh.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menimbang masing-masing minyak,air,tween,dan spa
sejumlah yang dibutuhkan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mencampurkan minyak dengan spa,mencampurkan air
dengan spa alu keduanya dipanaskan diatas tengas air suhu 60 derajat C</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memasukkan campuran minyak kedalam campuran air
didalam lumping dan segera diaduk menggunakan pengaduk selama 5 menit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memasukkan emulsi kedalam gelas ukur dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diberi tanda sesuai nilai HLB masing-masing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tangga emulsi dalam tabung di usahakan sama dan
mencatat waktu mulai memasukkan emulsi kedalam tabung.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengamati jenis emulsi dalam tabung diusahakan sama
dan mencatat waktu mulai memasukkan emulsi kedalam tabung.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menentukan pada nilai HLB berapakah emulsi tampak
relative paling stabil.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Percobaan dan Perhitungan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PERHITUNGAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB lebar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelompok 4 menghitung HLB 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah emulgator yang dibutuhkan : 3 % x 100 g = 3 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Minyak : 30 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air : add 100<br />
Misalkan ; jumlah tween 80 HLB 15 = a g, Maka span 80 HLB 4,3 = (3-a) g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persamaan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(a x
15) + (3 - a) x 4,3 = 3 x 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15 a
+ 12,9 – 4,3 a = 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 10,7 a = 23,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> a = <u>23,1</u> = 2,16
gram<br />
10,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi, jumlah Tween 80 yang dibutuhkan = 2,16 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah span 80 yang dibutuhkan = (3 – 2,16 ) gram = 0,84 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB sempit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelompok 4 menghitung HLB 14,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah emulgator yang dibutuhkan : 6 % x 100 g = 6 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Minyak : 30 %<br />
Air : add 100<br />
Misalkan ; jumlah tween 80 HLB 15 = a g, Maka span 80 HLB 4,3 = (6 - a) g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Persamaan :<br />
(a x 15 ) + (6 - a) x 4,3 = 6 x 14,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15 a
+ 25,8 – 4,3 a = 85,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 10,7 a = 59,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> a = <u>59,7 </u> = 5,58 gram<u><br />
</u> 10,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi, jumlah Tween 80 yang dibutuhkan = 5,58 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah span 80 yang dibutuhkan = (6 – 5,58 ) gram = 0.42 gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tabel
Massa Tween dan Span yang dibutuhkan pada masing-masing nilai HLB butuh Jarak
lebar<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai HLB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa Tween<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(gram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa Span<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(gram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tabel
Massa Tween dan Span yang dibutuhkan pada masing-masing nilai HLB butuh Jarak sempit</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai HLB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa Tween<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(gram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa Span<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(gram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HASIL PENGAMATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB lebar (menggunakan data
anak kelas A) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
komposisi : Emulgator 6 %, Minyak 30 % dan Air add 100 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 58.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 459px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 296.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="395"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">HLB Butuh Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,6
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">59,2
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">45
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">44
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,2
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">52,1
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">59,2
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">47
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">44,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,6
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">52,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">59,6
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">51
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">44,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">51
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,6
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">52,8
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">60,3
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">51,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">44,5
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.7pt;" valign="bottom" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">51
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">50,6
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan : Data letak batas antara lapisan
pertama dan lapisan kedua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HLB Butuh Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
lebih lama terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi dan panjang creaming lebih panjang di antara yang lain.<br />
Emulsi relatif paling tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan HLB butuh minyak dengan jarak HLB sempit<br />
Dengan komposisi : Emulgator 6 %, Minyak 30 % dan Air add 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hari<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 418.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="558"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">HLB butuh minyak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13.25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13.75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14.25<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14.75<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-51 <br />
T : 51-56,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 56,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-38<br />
T : 38-39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 39-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-45,5<br />
T : 45,5-46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 46-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-45<br />
T : 45-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-50<br />
T : 50-51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 51-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-48<br />
T : 48-49,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:49,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-51<br />
T : 51-56,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 56,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-46<br />
T : 46-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-46<br />
T : 46-47,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 47,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-45<br />
T : 45-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-50<br />
T : 50-51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 51-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:0-48<br />
T : 48-49,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:49,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-51<br />
T : 51-56,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 56,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-46<br />
T : 46-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-47<br />
T : 47-48,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 48,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-45,5<br />
T : 45,5-50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 50-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-50<br />
T : 50-51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 51-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-48<br />
T : 48-49,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:49,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-51,5<br />
T : 51,5-56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 56-75 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-46<br />
T : 46-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-47l<br />
T : 47-48,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 48,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:
0-45,5<br />
T : 45,5-50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 50-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-50<br />
T : 50-51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 51-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-48<br />
T : 48-49,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:49,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-51,5<br />
T : 51,5-56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 56-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-46<br />
T : 46-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 49-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-47.5<br />
T : 47,5-48,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:48,5-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-44<br />
T : 44-50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:50-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B
: 0-51<br />
T : 51-53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
: 53-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">B:0-49,5<br />
T : 49,5-50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
:50-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan : B
: Bawah, T : Tengah, A : Atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HLB Butuh Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">13,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi masih relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
langsung terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
lebih lama terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.2pt;" valign="top" width="350"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Creaming
lebih lama terjadi.<br />
Emulsi relatif tidak stabil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada
percobaan kali ini digunakan surfaktan dengan kombinasi yaitu tween 80 dan span
80, oleh karena itu diperlukan nilai HLB (Hydrophylic – Lypopilic Balance)
butuh minyak. HLB butuh minyak setara dengan HLB campuran surfaktan yang
digunakan untuk mengemulsikan minyak sehingga membentuk emulsi yang stabil. HLB
butuh minyak ini perlu ditentukan apabila emulsi menggunakan kombinasi
surfaktan, jika hanya menggunakan satu jenis surfaktan tidak diperlukan nilai
HLB butuh minyak. HLB butuh minyak harus berada di rentang nilai HLB kombinasi
surfaktan. Pada prakktikum ini digunakan surfaktan tween 80 dengan nilai HLB 15
dan span 80 nilai HLBnya 4,3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan
emulsifikasi ini awalnya akan dibuat satu seri emulsi dengan nilai HLB butuh
jaarak lebar yang masing-masing adalah 9,10,11,12,13, dan 14. Bahan yang
digunakan adalah minyak dan air, sedangkan untuk emulgator digunakan emulgator
kombinasi surfaktan yaitu Tween 80 dan Span 80.
Pencampuran Tween 80 dengan air karena nilai HLB Tween 80 relatif tinggi
yaitu sebesar 15. Nilai HLB yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa Tween 80 bersifat
polar sehingga dapat bercampur dengan air yang bersifat polar. Sedangkan Span
80 dicampur dengan fase minyak, karena Span 80 memiliki nilai HLB yang lebih
rendah yaitu 4,3 dan menunjukkan bahwa Span 80 bersifat non polar sehingga
dapat bercampur dengan minyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya
emulsi ditandai dengan berubahnya warna campuran menjadi putih susu. Setelah
beberapa menit emulsi yang terbentuk dimasukkan ke dalam tabung sedimentasi dan
diberi tanda sesuai dengan nilai HLB-nya. Tinggi emulsi dalam tabung diusahakan
sama agar mempermudah dalam membandingkan kestabilan dari tiap emulsi.
Selanjutnya, diamati ketidakstabilan emulsi yang terjadi selama 5 hari. Dari
hasil pengamatan, setelah emulsi dipindahkan ke dalam tabung sedimentasi semua
emulsi mengalami creaming. Terbentuknya creaming menandakan emulsi yang
terbentuk tidak stabil. Creaming yang terbentuk mengarah ke atas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3gk4rE4AqgvuVfaeS4Q27ioKhB3CgruTfoORrkdefk7mgUdItmX_pCz_ctuGMpO-dHRhfLNoszdBenEjssRPa9ATzgLvjCE8yn2j5oGuLTR1y88QbkKiSW4EGEsQ5-YWR6euR2rKuQPjk/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3gk4rE4AqgvuVfaeS4Q27ioKhB3CgruTfoORrkdefk7mgUdItmX_pCz_ctuGMpO-dHRhfLNoszdBenEjssRPa9ATzgLvjCE8yn2j5oGuLTR1y88QbkKiSW4EGEsQ5-YWR6euR2rKuQPjk/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto sediaan emulsi
dengan HLB butuh dengan jarak jauh</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Creaming
berpotensi terhadap terjadinya penggabungan fase dalam yang sempurna. Jadi,
semakin tinggi creaming yang terjadi, semakin besar pula potensi fase dalam
untuk bergabung secara sempurna. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data
pengamatan dapat dilihat bahwa semua emulsi mengalami creaming sehingga dapat
dikatakan tidak ada yang stabil. Tinggi creaming pada emulsi dengan HLB 9 jauh
lebih tinggi dibandingkan tinggi creaming pada emulsi lainnya. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa emulsi minyak oleum ricini dengan air pada HLB 9 paling tidak
stabil jika dibandingkan dengan emulsi pada HLB lainnya. Sedangkan pada HLB 14
memiliki creaming yang lebih rendah dari pada yang lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan
pula bahwa emulsi pada HLB 14 yang paling stabil dibandingkan dengan yang
lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari praktikum
pertama diduga minyak X yang digunakan memiliki HLB butuh 14. Untuk memperjelas
hasil emulsi, kembali dilakukan praktikum dengan menggunakan jarak HLB butuh
dengan jarak pendek, dimana HLB yang digunakan mendekati HLB 14, yaitu HLB
butuh masing-masing 13.25, 13.50, 13.75, 14.25, 14.5, dan 14.75. setelah emulsi dibuat, masing-masing emulsi
tetap mengalami creaming. Namun lama pembentukan masing-masing emulsi
berbeda-beda. Yang paling lama mengalami creaming adalah emulsi dengan nilai HLB butuh 14,25. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMTZNnTCxAukXfMnlk4bmJEpKNvJ-J7ZJsy72ggPPZ05l_IW6VEU8V0MbwOvJQj1itjZc0CL0a1BnyzstlXDhIgDwGFIyFmjPzEXGH3KJ0exZjoGBEhrRYxzzOzlTfbtEUZeF53Mbn9NpH/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMTZNnTCxAukXfMnlk4bmJEpKNvJ-J7ZJsy72ggPPZ05l_IW6VEU8V0MbwOvJQj1itjZc0CL0a1BnyzstlXDhIgDwGFIyFmjPzEXGH3KJ0exZjoGBEhrRYxzzOzlTfbtEUZeF53Mbn9NpH/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto sediaan emulsi
dengan HLB butuh dengan jarak pendek</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
sedimentasi memiliki diameter yang berbeda-beda, sehingga kestabilan dapat
dilihat pula dengan melihat kondisi warna emulsi. Pada HLB butuh 14,25 terlihat
warna yang paling keruh diantara yang lain. Warna yang keruh ini menandakan
bahwa masih terdapat globul-globul yang menyebar pada emulsi. Pada emulsi HLB
14,75 juga terlihat emulsi dengan warna keruh, namun pada bagian atasnya telah
mengalami breaking. Sehingga dapat di simpulkan bahwa emulsi yang relatif
stabil pada HLB butuh jarak sempit adalah emulsi dengan HLB 14,25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari percobaan
ini dibandingkan pula keadaan sediaan emulsi kelas A dan kelas B dengan sistem
pengocokan berbeda. Kelas A menggunakan homogenizer dan kelas B menggunakan
lumpang alu. Didapatkan sistem emulsi yang lebih stabil adalah emulsi yang
menggunakan sistem pengocokan homogenizer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">Dari data
pengamatan dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Untuk menentukan nilai HLB butuh minyak
yang belum diketahui maka mencari HLBnya dengan cara melakukan percobaan dua
kali, yaitu penentuan HLB minyak dengan jarak HLB lebar dan jarak HLB sempit.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Emulsi dengan bahan air dan minyak oleum
ricini menggunakan emulgator Tween dan Span 80 dengan HLB jarak lebar
9,10,11,12,13, dan 14 tidak stabil karena mengalami creaming, dimana creaming
yang terbentuk mengarah ke atas.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Diantara emulsi-emulsi yang diamati,
emulsi yang paling tidak stabil adalah emulsi dengan HLB 9.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Diantara emulsi-emulsi yang diamati, emulsi
yang paling stabil adalah emulsi dengan HLB 14. Sehingga pada percobaan
berikutnya ditentukan nilai HLB butuh minyak jarak sempit yang mendekati nilai
HLB 14.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Untuk nilai HLB jarak sempit, emulsi
yang paling stabil yaitu pada nilai HLB butuh minyak 14,25.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Semakin tinggi creaming yang terjadi,
semakin besar pula potensi fase dalam untuk bergabung secara sempurna. Sehingga
menunjukkan emulsi tersebut tidak stabil.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Ketidakstabilan emulsi dapat terjadi
karena penggunaan emulgator yang tidak sesuai, selain itu penurunan suhu yang
tiba-tiba dapat menyebabkan emulsi menjadi tidak stabil. Penambahan air secara
langsung dalam campuran juga mempengaruhi pembentukan emulsi yang tidak stabil.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Kestabilan juga dipengaruhi oleh sistem
pengocokan yang digunakan.</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agoes, G. 2006. Pengembangan
Sediaan Farmasi. Bandung: Penerbit ITB</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anief.
Moh. 2000. Farmasetika. Gajah Mada University Press : Yogyakarta</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim
a. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. Jakarta : Departemen kesehatan RI</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim
b. 1995. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV. Jakarta : Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Handbook
Of Pharmaceutical Exipent hal.479 – 482</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Handbook
Of Pharmaceutical Exipent hal.591</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.perfspot.com/
Emulsi/ Diakses pada tanggal 8 Mei 2011</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibnuhayyan.
2008. Emulsi. Diakses pada tanggal 8 Mei 2011</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Martin,
A et.al. 1993. Farmasi Fisika. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03510197790045126088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-4677883399214536472016-01-01T12:02:00.001-08:002016-01-01T12:02:25.348-08:00Kelarutan<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><b><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.co.id/" target="_blank">KELARUTAN</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN PERCOBAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
<b><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.com/2016/01/kelarutan.html">kelarutan</a></b> suatu zat secara kuantitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi <b>kelarutan</b> suatu zat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
pengaruh penambahan surfaktan terhadap <b>kelarutan </b>suatu zat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Kelarutan
(S) adalah</b> jumlah maksimum solut yang terlarut pada solven dan suhu tertentu.
Pengamatan ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa ada kecenderungan like dissolves like dalam
kelarutan solut dalam solven. Air mampu melarutkan garam karena gaya ion-dipole
sama kuat dengan gaya ion-ion yang ada pada garam sehingga mampu
menggantikannya. Minyak tidak dapat larut dalam air karena gaya dipole-dipole
terinduksi yang lemah tidak dapat menggantikan gaya dipole-dipole (ikatan-H)
pada air sehingga minyak tidak dapat menggantikan molekul air. Larutan yang
memenuhi like dissolves like mensyaratkan adanya kesetaraan kekuatan gaya untuk
dapat mengatasi gaya dalam solven dan solut. Contohnya alkohol dan air
bercampur sempurna <i>(completely miscible)</i>, air dan eter bercampur
sebagian <i>(partially miscible), </i>sedangkan minyak dan air tidak bercampur <i>(completely
immiscible)</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutir
kristal gula pasir merupakan gabungan dari beberapa molekul gula. Jika kristal
gula itu dimasukkan ke dalam air, maka molekul-molekul gula akan memisah dari
permukaan kristal gula menuju ke dalam air (disebut melarut). Molekul gula itu
bergerak secara acak seperti gerakan molekul air, sehingga pada suatu saat
dapat menumbuk permukaan kristal gula atau molekul gula yang lain. Sebagian
molekul gula akan terikat kembali dengan kristalnya atau saling bergabung
dengan molekul gula yang lain sehingga kembali membentuk kristal (mengkristal
ulang). Jika laju pelarutan gula sama dengan laju pengkristalan ulang, maka
proses itu berada dalam kesetimbangan dan larutannya disebut jenuh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
gula + air </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">⇔</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
larutan gula <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
jenuh adalah larutan yang mengandung zat terlarut dalam jumlah yang diperlukan
untuk adanya kesetimbangan antara <i>solute </i>yang terlarut dan yang tak
terlarut. Banyaknya <i>solute </i>yang melarut dalam pelarut yang banyaknya
tertentu untuk menghasilkan suatu larutan jenuh disebut kelarutan <i>(solubility)
</i>zat itu. Kelarutan umumnya dinyatakan dalam gram zat terlarut per 100 mL
pelarut, atau per 100 gram pelarut pada temperatur yang tertentu. Jika
kelarutan zat kurang dari 0,01 gram per 100 gram pelarut, maka zat itu
dikatakan tak larut <i>(insoluble)</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
jumlah <i>solute </i>yang terlarut kurang dari kelarutannya, maka larutannya
disebut tak jenuh <i>(unsaturated)</i>. Larutan tak jenuh lebih encer (kurang
pekat) dibandingkan dengan larutan jenuh. Jika jumlah <i>solute </i>yang
terlarut lebih banyak dari kelarutannya, maka larutannya disebut lewat jenuh <i>(supersaturated)</i>.
Larutan lewat jenuh lebih pekat daripada larutan jenuh. Larutan lewat jenuh
biasanya dibuat dengan cara membuat larutan jenuh pada temperatur yang lebih
tinggi. Pada cara ini zat terlarut harus mempunyai kelarutan yang lebih besar
dalam pelarut panas daripada dalam pelarut dingin. Jika dalam larutan yang
panas itu masih tersisa zat terlarut yang sudah tak dapat melarut lagi, maka
sisa itu harus disingkirkan dan tidak boleh ada zat lain yang masuk. Kemudian
larutan itu didinginkan hati-hati dengan cara didiamkan untuk menghindari
pengkristalan. Jika tidak ada <i>solute </i>yang memisahkan diri (mengkristal
kembali) selama pendinginan, maka larutan dingin yang diperoleh bersifat lewat
jenuh. Larutan lewat jenuh yang dapat dibuat dengan cara ini misalnya larutan
dari sukrosa, natrium asetat dan natrium tiosulfat (hipo). Larutan lewat jenuh
merupakan suatu sistem metastabil. Larutan ini dapat diubah menjadi larutan
jenuh dengan menambahkan kristal yang kecil (kristal inti/bibit) umumnya
kristal dari <i>solute</i>. Kelebihan molekul <i>solute </i>akan terikat pada
kristal inti dan akan mengkristal kembali. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi kelarutan diantaranya adalah ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temperatur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat padat umumnya bertambah larut bila suhunya dinaikkan, zat padat
tersebut dikatakan bersifat endoterm, karena pada proses kelarutannya
membutuhkan panas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat terlarut + pelarut +
panas → larutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa zat yang lain justru kenaikan temperatur menyebabkan tidak larut,
zat tersebut dikatakan bersifat eksoterm, karena pada proses kelarutannya
menghasilkan panas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, misalnya</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> : KOH dan K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat terlarut + pelarut → larutan
+ panas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan pengaruh ini maka beberapa sediaan farmasi
tidak boleh dipanaskan, misalnya :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Zat-zat yang atsiri,
Contohnya : Etanol dan minyak atsiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Zat yang terurai,
misalnya : natrium karbonas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Saturatio</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Senyawa-senyawa kalsium,
misalnya : Aqua calsis.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Kelarutan </b>gas umumnya
berkurang pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi. Misalnya jika air dipanaskan, maka
timbul gelembung-gelembung gas yang keluar dari dalam air, sehingga gas yang
terlarut dalam air tersebut menjadi berkurang. Kebanyakan zat padat
kelarutannya lebih besar pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi. Ada beberapa zat
padat yang kelarutannya berkurang pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi, misalnya
natrium sulfat dan serium sulfat. Pada larutan jenuh terdapat kesetimbangan
antara proses pelarutan dan proses pengkristalan kembali. Jika salah satu
proses bersifat endoterm, maka proses sebaliknya bersifat eksoterm. Jika
temperatur dinaikkan, maka sesuai dengan azas <i>Le Chatelier (Henri Louis Le
Chatelier: 1850-1936) </i>kesetimbangan itu bergeser ke arah proses endoterm.
Jadi jika proses pelarutan bersifat endoterm, maka kelarutannya bertambah pada
temperatur yang lebih tinggi. Sebaliknya jika proses pelarutan bersifat
eksoterm, maka kelarutannya berkurang pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">efek temperatur terhadap kelarutan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Momment
dipol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah molekul diatom polar seperti HF
adalah suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dipol</i>, yakni
suatu benda yang memiliki dua muatan berlawanan pada titiknya. Adanya dua
muatan yang berlawanan ini dapat dibuktikan dengan medan listrik. Dimana ketika
medan listrik dinyalakan molekul HF akan engarahkan ujung negatifnya ke kutub
positif dan ujung positifnya ke kutub negatif Untuk molekul semacam ini dapat
ditentukan sebuah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>momen dipol<b>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>yaitu suatu ukuran terhadap
derajat kepolaran. Secara kuantitatif, momen dipol (µ) merupakan hasil kali
muatan Q dan jarak antar muatan r.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">µ = Q x r<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk mempertahankan kenetralan
listrik, muatan pada kedua ujung molekul diatomik yang bermuatan listrik netral
haruslah sama besar dan berlawanan arah. Namun, pada persamaan (1), Q hanya
merujuk pada besar muatan dan tidak ada tandanya, sehingga nilai Q selalu
positif. Momen dipol dinyatakan dalam satuan debye (D), dari nama seorang
kimiawan Peter Debye. Faktor konversinya adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 D = 3,336 x 10<sup>-30</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>C m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Di mana C dalam Coulumb dan m
dalam meter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Molekul diatomik yang mengandung
atom-atom dari unsur yang berbeda biasanya berupa molekul polar dan memiliki
momen dipol, sedangkan molekul diatomik yang mengandung atom-atom dari unsur
yang sama tidak memiliki momen dipol dan berupa molekul non-polar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
dielektrik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta
dielektrik berhubungan dengan kepolaran suatu zat. Zat yang memilki konstanta
dielektrik dengan nilai yang tinggi merupakan zat yang bersifat polar.
Sebaliknya, zat yang konstanta dielektriknya rendah merupakan senyawa nonpolar.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan suatu zat sangat
dipengaruhi oleh polaritas pelarut. Pelarut polar mempunyai konstanta
dielektrik yang tinggi dapat melarutkan zat-zat non polar sukar larut di
dalamnya, begitu pula sebaliknya. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstanta<span class="apple-converted-space"> dielektrik </span>adalah suatu besaran tanpa
dimensi dan merupakan rasio antara kapasitas elektrik medium (Cx) terhadap
vakum (Cv). Dirumuskan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C ε= x Cv</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besarnya
tetapan dielektrik ini menurut moore dapat diatur dengan penambahan pelarut
lain. Tetapan dielektrik suatu campuran pelarut merupakan hasil penjumlahan
dari tetapan dielektrik masing-masing yang sudah dikalikan dengan % volume
masing-masing komponen pelarut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adakalanya
suatu zat lebih mudah larut dalam pelarut campuran dibandingkan pelarut
tunggalny. Fenomena ini dikenal dengan istilah co-solvency dan pelarut yang
mana dalam bentuk campuran dapat menaikkan kelarutan suatu zat diseut co-solvent.
Etanol, gliserin dan propilen glikol adalah co-solvent yang umum digunakan
dalam bidang farmasi untuk pembuatan eliksir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
hidrogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan hidrogen </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18pt;">merupakan gaya tarik menarik
antara atom H dengan atom lain yang mempunyai keelektronegatifan besar pada
satu molekul dari senyawa yang sama. Tarikan antar molekul yang luar biasa
kuatnya, dapat terjadi antara molekul-molekul, jika satu molekul mempunyai
sebuah atom hidrogen yang terikat pada sebuah atom berelektronegativitas besar,
dan molekul sebelahnya mempunyai sebuah atom berelektronegativitas tinggi yang
mempunyai sepasang elektron menyendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inti hidrogen, yakni proton ditarik oleh
sepasang elektron yang bersebelahan bolak-balik antara kedua atom tersebut.
Tarikan antara dua molekul yang menggunakan bersama-sama sebuah proton disebut
Ikatan Hidrogen.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> suatu zat dalam air ditentukan oleh
dapat tidaknya zat tersebut menandingi kekuatan gaya tarik-menarik listrik
(gaya intermolekul dipol-dipol) antara molekul-molekul air. Jika suatu zat
tidak mampu menandingi gaya tarik-menarik antar molekul air, molekul-molekul
zat tersebut tidak larut dan akan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endapan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Endapan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengendap</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dalam air.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompleksasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompleksasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah
sebuah proses ketika ion positif logam berikatan dengan atau menjadi sebuah
molekul atau ion bermuatan yang disebut ligan atau <i>complexing agent</i>.
Besarnya kelarutan suatu obat dapat ditingkatkan dengan pembentukan suatu kompleks.
Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya penambahan kelarutan dari masing-masing
senyawa dengan kelarutan dari kompleks yg terbentuk. Hati-hati dalam penambahan
kompleks yg berlebihan justru akan menurunkan tingkat kelarutan bahan seperti :
Polisorbat 80, PEG, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa-senyawa organik
dalam larutan umumnya cenderung bergabung satu sama lain sampai tingkat
tertentu. Seringkali penggabungan ini terlalu lemah untuk dideteksi dengan
teknik-teknik standar. Dalam hal ini, penggabungan antar molekul atau kompleks
dapat dengan mudah diamati dan diukur kuantitasnya dengan satu atau beberapa
teknik yang dipublikasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
aktif yang sering digunakan di dalam dunia pengobatan umumnya adalah Zat
organik yang bersifat asam lemah, dimana kelarutannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh
pH pelarutnya. Kelarutan asam-asam organik lemah seperti barbiturat dan
sulfonamida dalam air akan bertambah dengan naiknya pH karena terbentuk garam
yang mudah larut dalam air. Sedangkan basa-basa organik lemah seperti
alkoholida dan anastetika lokal pada umumnya sukar larut dalam air. Bila pH
larutan diturunkan dengan penambahan asam kuat maka akan terbentuk garam yang
mudah larut dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
antara pH dengan kelarutan asam dan basa lemah digambarkan oleh persamaan
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
asam lemah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pHp
= pKw + log S-So/So <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
basa lemah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pHp
= pKw - pKb + log S – So/So<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pHp
= harga pH terendah/tertinggi dimana zat yang berbentuk asam atau basa lemah
masih dapat larut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S =
Konsentrasi molar zat dalam yang ditambahkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">So =
Kelarutan molar fraksi asam atau basa yang tidak terdisosiasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kecepatan kelarutan suatu zat
diantaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ukuran partikel : Makin
halus solute, makin kecil ukuran partikel ; makin luas permukaan solute yang
kontak dengan solvent, solute makin cepat larut.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Suhu : Umumnya kenaikan
suhu menambah kenaikan kelaruta solute.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pengadukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Surfaktan <i>(surface
active agents)</i>,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> zat yang dapat mengaktifkan permukaan, karena
cenderung untuk terkonsentrasi pada permukaan atau antar muka. Surfaktan
mempunyai orientasi yang jelas sehingga cenderung pada rantai lurus. Sabun
merupakan salah satu contoh dari surfaktan. Molekul surfaktan mempunyai dua
ujung yang terpisah, yaitu ujung polar (hidrofilik) dan ujung non polar
(hidrofobik) . Surfaktan dapat digolongkan menjadi dua golongan besar, yaitu
surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak dan surfaktan yang larut dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada tiga yang termasuk dalam golongan ini, yaitu
senyawa polar berantai panjang, senyawa fluorokarbon, dan senyawa silikon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Surfaktan yang larut dalam pelarut air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Golongan ini banyak digunakan antara lain sebagai zat
pembasah, zat pembusa, zat pengemulsi, zat anti busa, detergen, zat flotasi,
pencegah korosi, dan lain-lain. Ada empat yang termasuk dalam golongan ini,
yaitu surfaktan anion yang bermuatan negatif, surfaktan yang bermuatan positif,
surfaktan nonion yang tak terionisasi dalam larutan, dan surfaktan amfoter yang
bermuatan negatif dan positif bergantung pada pH-nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Surfaktan menurunkan tegangan permukaan air dengan
mematahkan ikatan-ikatan hidrogen pada permukaan. Hal ini dilakukan dengan
menaruh kepala-kepala hidrofiliknya pada permukaan air dengan ekor-ekor
hidrofobiknya terentang menjauhi permukaan air. Sabun dapat membentuk misel
(micelles), suatu molekul sabun mengandung suatu rantai hidrokarbon panjang
plus ujung ion. Bagian hidrokarbon dari molekul sabun bersifat hidrofobik dan
larut dalam zat-zat non polar, sedangkan ujung ion bersifat hidrofilik dan
larut dalam air. Karena adanya rantai hidrokarbon, sebuah molekul sabun secara
keseluruhan tidaklah benar-benar larut dalam air, tetapi dengan mudah akan
tersuspensi di dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat Larutan Yang Mengandung Surfaktan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan surfaktan dalam air menunjukkan perubahan
sifat fisik yang mendadak pada daerah konsentrasi yang tertentu. Perubahan yang
mendadak ini disebabkan oleh pembentukan agregat atau penggumpalan dari
beberapa molekul surfaktan menjadi satu, yaitu pada konsentrasi kritik misel
(CMC) .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada konsentrasi kritik misel terjadi penggumpalan
atau agregasi dari molekul-molekul surfaktan membentuk misel. Misel biasanya
terdiri dari 50 sampai 100 molekul asam lemak dari sabun.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai cmc, untuk
deret homolog surfaktan rantai hidrokarbon, nilai cmc bertambah 2x dengan
berkurangnya satu atom C dalam rantai. Gugus aromatik dalam rantai hidrokarbon
akan memperbesar nilai cmc dan juga memperbesar kelarutan. Adanya garam
menurunkan nilai cmc surfaktan ion. Penurunan cmc hanya bergantung pada
konsentrasi ion lawan, yaitu makin besar konsentrasinya makin turun
cmc-nya.Secara umum misel dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu: struktur lamelar dan
sterik seperti telihat pada gambar dibawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgpfkZHkvvrDIMOBPu4pragxAQVYhsgHw6D4-JzoDYVUMFpS6HMyouw46Vx25F78SKN7NYw8v7GHszIVQ7Z1A8ChtP4YIAAahC_sTIJYffwX0cVQ-kKfzDfRnljS31tgo955xOy9hnpum/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgpfkZHkvvrDIMOBPu4pragxAQVYhsgHw6D4-JzoDYVUMFpS6HMyouw46Vx25F78SKN7NYw8v7GHszIVQ7Z1A8ChtP4YIAAahC_sTIJYffwX0cVQ-kKfzDfRnljS31tgo955xOy9hnpum/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur misel, (a) sterik (b)
lamelar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara Penentuan CMC</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena pada cmc terjadi penggumpalan dari molekul
surfaktan, maka cara penentuan cmc dapat menggunakan cara-cara penentuan
besaran fisik yang menunjukkan perubahan dari keadaan ideal menjadi tak ideal.
Di bawah cmc larutan menjadi bersifat ideal. Sedangkan diatasnya cmc larutan
bersifat tak ideal. Besaran fisik yang dapat digunakan ialah tekanan osmosa,
titik beku larutan, hantaran jenis atau hantaran ekivalen, kelarutan
solubilisasi, indeks bias, hamburan cahaya, tegangan permukaan, dan tegangan
antarmuka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Beker
glass</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Erlenmeyer</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Corong</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Gelas
ukur</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Kertas
saring</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Batang
pengaduk</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Buret</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Asam
Oksalat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Asam
Salisilat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Tween
80</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Indikator
Penolftalein</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Aquadest</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR
KERJA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembakuan
Larutan NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bYyzaD40SG3edfjUJn856VDCPKXdjefv2bVDTvL9BB0OM8cXPKNN72nRw_ukSbARkpbPhFWmNy1eC1-e99rWMcI3sICJpQsCUVVhZ9x3p5NDMgXI1Hws3z2BJo-M7BfCt54XVaKn0v4h/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bYyzaD40SG3edfjUJn856VDCPKXdjefv2bVDTvL9BB0OM8cXPKNN72nRw_ukSbARkpbPhFWmNy1eC1-e99rWMcI3sICJpQsCUVVhZ9x3p5NDMgXI1Hws3z2BJo-M7BfCt54XVaKn0v4h/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetapan
Kadar Asam Salisilat<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS
DATA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PERBANDINGAN KOMPOSISI PELARUT YANG DIGUNAKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KELOMPOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">AIR (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alkohol (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gliserin (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jumlah (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan yang dipipet (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">47,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">42,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">37,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.8pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2,5</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">50</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.85pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PEMBAKUAN NaOH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diketahui :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">N asam Oksalat 0,05
N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">VolumeAsam
Oksalat (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 314.25pt;" width="419"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volum
NaOH yang digunakan (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Awal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selisih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">16,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">16,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">24,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.75pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volum NaOH rata rata =
<u>8 + 8,2 + 8,1</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">= 8,1 mL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Normalitas NaOH yang digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">V<sub>as.oksalat </sub> x N<sub>as. oksalat </sub> =
V<sub> NaOH</sub> x N<sub>NaOH<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10 mL x 0,05 N
= 8,1 mL x N<sub>NaOH<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">N <sub>NaOH </sub>= <u>10 x 0,05<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">= 0,06 N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENETAPAN KADAR ASAM SALISILAT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Titrasi dengan
NaOH (0,06 N).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Massa Asam Salisilat (mg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volume Campuran Asam Salisilat (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 294.6pt;" width="393"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volume NaOH (ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Awal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Akhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selisih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">26,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">301<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">31,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">36,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel Pengaruh Pelarut
Campur Terhadap Kelarutan Asam Salisilat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gliserin ( % )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kadar Asam Salisilat yang terlarut (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">49,635<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">54,270<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">54,255<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">63,463<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">73,193<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 187.85pt;" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">63,526<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2K50QTHYMR0SVHtMYy8FsBSmDSttFfzbbsnucZJYr-ZziUehT6yeE7wA-Y2U0t1VXehU0IGUdYCqCBDDwX0o1AmgvbFpxAembbm9yW7_wNuND0TLqCVKiNaWdPjgnGnwUUeSGfYEa1kPu/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2K50QTHYMR0SVHtMYy8FsBSmDSttFfzbbsnucZJYr-ZziUehT6yeE7wA-Y2U0t1VXehU0IGUdYCqCBDDwX0o1AmgvbFpxAembbm9yW7_wNuND0TLqCVKiNaWdPjgnGnwUUeSGfYEa1kPu/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
konstanta dielektrik asam salisilat berdasarkan hasil percobaaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,95 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 76,38 + 1,285 - 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 77,665<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,90 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x
0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 72,36 + 1,285 – 2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 71,145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,85 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x 0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 68,34 + 1,285 – 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 64,625<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,80 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x
0,15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 64,32 + 1,285 – 7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 58,105<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,75 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x 0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 60,3 + 1,285 – 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 51,585<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kd as = Kd
air x % air + Kd alkohol x % alkohol – Kd gliserin x % gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 80,4 x 0,6 + 25,7 x 0,05 – 50 x 0,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 48,24 + 1,285 – 12,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 48,025<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">PEMBAHASAN :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b>Kelarutan</b> suatu
zat dipengaruhi oleh struktur kimia serta fisika dari zat tersebut juga pelarut
yang digunakan. Telah diketahui bahwa kelarutan zat dalam pelarut mengikuti
kaidah like disslove like. Senyawa yang memiliki struktur yang sama cenderung
untuk larut dengan pelarut yang memiliki struktur yang sama (mirip).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sifat like disslove like menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang
memiliki struktur kimia yang sama dapat bercampur secara sempurna. Misalnya
pelarut polar hanya dapat melarutkan senyawa polar atau ionik. Senyawa polar
terbentuk akibat adanya perbedaan keelektronegatifan dari atom penyusunnya.
Sifat elektronegatif yang dimiliki suatu atom berbeda ada yang positif ada juga
yang negatif sehingga terbentuk dipol (2 kutub), interaksi pelarut polar dan
solut polar adalah interaksi dipol. Seperti yang diketahui kutub magnet yang
berbeda akan saling tarik menarik. Sedangkan kutub yang sejenis akan saling
tolak menolak. Dalam senyawa non polar dipol ini tidak terbentuk sehingga
senyawa non polar tidak dapat larut dalam senyawa polar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Konstanta dielektrik dari pelarut berpengaruh terhadap sifat
pelarut tersebut. Pelarut yang memiliki nilai konstanta dielektrik yang tinggi,
pelarut tersebut cenderung memiliki sifat polar sehingga pelarut hanya akan
dapat melarutkan zat zat yang bersifat polar juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dalam praktikum
ini akan mengetahui pengaruh kelarutan asam salisilat terhadap berbagai
konsentrasi pelarut campur. Pelarut yang digunakan pada praktikum ini terdapat 3 jenis pelarut yang dicampur dengan berbagai
konsentrasi. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah air, etanol serta gliserin. Air
memiliki konstanta dielektrik sebesar 80,4 sedangkan alkohol memiliki konstanta
dielektrik sebesar 25,7 dan gliserin memiliki konstanta dielektrik sebesar 50.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pada praktikum
ini mula mula mengerjakan pembakuan NaOH yang akan digunakan sebagai titran
dalam titrasi untuk mengukur kadar asam salisilat yang terlarut. Dalam
pembakuan tersebut yang digunakan sebagai larutan baku adalah larutan asan
oksalat dengan konsentrasi sebesar 0,05 normal sebanyak 10 mL. Dari hasil
pembakuan tersebut diketahui bahwa konsentrasi NaOH yang dibuat sebesar 0,06
normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tahap kedua
adalah pembuatan larutan campur antara air, alkohol juga gliserin dengan
berbagai konsentrasi. Campuran yang dibuat sebanyak 50 mL Pada praktikum yang
kami kerjakan hanya pelarut gliserin dan air saja yang volumnya bervariasi,
sedangkan alkoholnya konstan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan yang dibuat digunakan untuk melarutkan asam
salisilat yang telah ditimbang sebanyak 300mg. Lalu diaduk sampai homogen
selama 5 menit. Pengadukan berfungsi agar asam salisilat yang dilarutkan dapat
mudah terlarut dalam pelarut campur yang telah dibuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan tersebut diambil sebanyak 10 ml ditambah dengan
indikator PP kemudian dititrasi dengan NaOH yang telah diketahui
konsentrasinya. Dari hasil titrasi tersebut menghabiskan NaOH sebanyak 4,6 ml
serta dari hasil analisis data diketahui bahwa kadar asam salisilat yang
terlarut sebanyak 63, 463 % untuk komposisi pelarut 40 ml air, 2,5 ml alkohol
serta 7,5 ml gliserin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan tabel pengaruh pelarut campur terhadap
kelarutan asam salisilat diketahui bahwa jumlah gliserin makin banyak maka
kelarutan asam salisilat dalam pelarut campur tersebutr juga ikut meningkat.
Tetapi pada kadar gliserin sebesar 25% kelarutan asam salisilat menurun. Kadar
asam salisilat yang tertinggi terdapat pada larutan gliserin dengan kadar 20 %
dengan perbandingan alkohol sebanyak 2,5 ml, air 37,5 dan gliserin sebanyak 10 ml dan kadar
kelarutan asam salisilatnya sebanyak 73,193 %. Dari hasil perhitungan Kd maka
Kd asam salisilat mendekati pelarut campur yang digunakan oleh kelompok 5 yaitu
dengan 37,5 ml air, alkohol 2,5 ml dan 10 ml gliserin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.com/2016/01/kelarutan.html">Kelarutan</a></b> (S) adalah
jumlah maksimum solut yang terlarut pada solven dan suhu tertentu.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Pada praktikum kali ini faktor yang mempengaruhi
<b>kelarutan adalah</b> pelarut campur. Dan berpengaruh pada konstanta dielektrik.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Nilai Kd mempengaruhi sifat kepolaran suatu senyawa.
Makin besar nilai Kd maka senyawa semakik polar.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Kadar asam salisilat menurut hasil kelarutannya mendekati
pelarut campur kelompok 5 dengan Kd = 51, 585.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Penambahan
komposisi pelarut dalam pelarut campur mempengaruhi kelarutan asam salisilat.</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adamsons, Arthur W. 1982. <i>Physical
Chemistry of Surface</i>. A wiley-Interscience Publication, United State of
America.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03510197790045126088noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-1438000290696257682016-01-01T11:56:00.002-08:002016-01-01T11:56:58.398-08:00MIKROMERITIK<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.co.id/" target="_blank">PENENTUAN DISTRIBUSI UKURAN PARTIKEL BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN WAKTU PENGAYAKAN</a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami pengaruh ukuran partikel zat aktif dalam pembuatan sediaan
farmasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerti dan dapat menentukan ukuran partikel rata-rata dan luas
permukaan spesifik zat aktif dengan metode pengayakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.com/2016/01/mikromeritik.htm">Mikromeritik</a></b> adalah ilmu dan teknologi
tentang partikel-partikel kecil. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bidang kefarmasian, informasi yang perlu diperoleh
dari partikel (obat) ada 2 macam,<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">yaitu
informasi tentang ukuran partikel dan informasi tentang bentuk partikel. Data
tentangukuran partikel diungkapkan dalam diameter (ukuran ) partikel. Sementara
itu, informasi</span> bentuk partikel memberi gambaran luas permukaaan
spesifik partikel yang bersangkutan dan konturnya (keadaan kasar atau halus
permukaan partikel). Semua data tersebut ada<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span>kaitannya dengan efek obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel bahan obat padat mempunyai peranaan penting
dalam farmasi, sebab<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">ukuran partikel
mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam pembuatan sediaan obat dan juga terhadap
efek fisiologisnya. Ukuran partikel yang juga luas permukaan spesifik
partikel,dapat dihubungkan dengan sifat-sifat fisika, kimiawi dan farmakologi
suatu obat. Secara</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">klinik, partikel
memiliki pelepasan obat dari sediaan yang diberikan baik secara oral,</span> parenteral,
rectal dan topical ( Moechtar, 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam sekumpulan partikel yang
heterogen, ada dua sifat yang penting untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diketahui yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
bentuk dan luas permukaan dari masing-masing partikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. jarak, ukuran dan jumlah atau bobot partikelnya jadi
berarti juga luas permukaan totalnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak metode yang tersedia untuk menentukan ukuran
partikel, antara lain yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode
Mikroskopi optik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat digunakan mikroskop biasa
untuk pengukuran ukuran partikel dalam jarak 0,2 – 100. Dalam metode ini,
suatu emulsi atau suspensi diencerkan atau tidak ditaruh pada suatu<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">slide atau “niled cell” dan diletakkan dibawah
mikroskop. Eyepiece mikroskop dilengkapidengan suatu alat micrometer di mana
ukuran partikel dapat diperkirakan. Suatu kelemahandari metode ini adalah bahwa
diameternya diperoleh hanya dari dua dimensi dari partikel, panjang dan
lebar. Tidak ada perkiraan dari tebal partikel. Di samping itu, jumlah partikel
yang harus dihitung sekitar 300 – 500 agar diperoleh perkiraan yang baik dari
distribusi</span>membuat metode ini agak lamban dan agak melelahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
menggunakan mikroskop cahaya, menurut Voight partikel-partikel harus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terpisahkan satu sama lain pada kaca
obyek sehingga tampak jelas dari latar belakangnya dansisi-sisinya haruslah
tajam. Pada saat melapiskan suspensi pada kaca objek harus mengambilsecara
representatif (Voight, 1995 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode Pengayakan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode
pengayakan digunakan untuk pengukuran partikel diameter 50nm-500nm. Metode ini
menggunakan satu seri ayakan standar yang telah dikalibrasi oleh National Bureu
of Standards. Menurut metode USP untuk menguji kehalusan serbuk, suatu
massasampel diletakkan pada ayakan yang sesuai dalam suatu alat penggojog
mekanis (shaker). Serbuk digojog selama periode tertentu dan bahan yang lolos
dari satu ayakan dan yang tinggal pada ayakan berikutnya yang lebih halus
dikumpulkan, dan ditimbang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ukuran dari bulatan dengan segera dinyatakan
dalam garis setengahnya. Tetapi begitu <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">derajat
ketidak simetrisan dari suatu partikel naik, bertambah sulit pula menyatakan
ukuran</span>dalam garis tengah berarti. Dalam keadaan ini, tidak ada garis
tengan yang unik untuk suatu<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> partikel.
Makanya harus dicari jalan untuk menggunakan suatu garis tengah bulatan yang</span>ekuivalen,
yang menghubungkan ukuran partikel dan garis tengah bulatan yang mempunyailuas
permukaan, volume dan tengah yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
proses pengayakan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa sampel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sampel
yang massanya makin besar, tekanannya juga semakin besar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu pengayakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengayakan yang terlau lama
memungkinkan adanya partikel yang hancur <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensitas getaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semakin tinggi getaran, semakin
banyak tumbukan dan menyebabka partikel yang diayak tidak sesuai ukuran
masing-masing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengambilan sampel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampel yang baik adalah sampel yang
mewakili semua ukuran yang ada dalam populasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan metode pengayakan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak bersifat subyektif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih mudah diamati, tidak
membutuhkan ketelitian mata pengamat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan metode pengayakan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat menentukan diameter
partikel karena ukuran partikel diperoleh berdasarkan nomor mesh ayakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat melihat bentuk partikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel tidak pasti karena
partikel dapat mengalami agregasi karena getaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi dalam bidang Farmasi:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel mempengaruhi
pelepasan obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran partikel mempengaruhi
formulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengendalian ukuran partikel penting
untuk mencapai sifat alir yang diperlukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.4pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbangan analitik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seri ayakan dengan diameter tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.45pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Serbuk
mikrokristalinselulosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amilum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbang
berat kosong masing-masing seri ayakan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan
sejumlah serbuk yang telah ditimbang (100 gr) di ayakan paling atas dengan
diameter terbesar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalankan
ayakan selama 5,10,15,3,7 dan 10 menit dan kemudian timbang kembali ayakan
hingga didapat fraksi yang tertinggal pada masing-masing ayakan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
persentase jumlah partikel yang lolos (%D) serta jumlah partikel yang tidak lolos (%R).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan
data ke dalam kurva Rosin-Ramler-Sperling-Bennet (RRSB), sehingga
diperoleh diameter ukuran partikel serta luas permukaan spesifiknya. Luas
permukaan spesifik dapat ditentukan melalui persamaan berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Om
= Ok/d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Om
: Luas permukaan spesifik (cm<sub>2</sub>/g)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ok
: Faktor luas permukaan (cm<sub>2</sub>/g)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d :
titik potong kurva garis lurus RSSB dengan garis horizontal (mm)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Percobaan dan Perhitungan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DATA HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: page; mso-table-left: 19.55pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 151.55pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 518px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.15pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ukuran Ayakan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berat Granul (gram)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No. Mesh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ukuran partikel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5 menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,7 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,4 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,18 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">850 </span><span lang="IN">μ</span><span lang="IN">m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.65pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -4.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">< 850 </span><span lang="IN">μ</span><span lang="IN">m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.15pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.2pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.65pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 151.55pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: page; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-table-left: 19.55pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 339.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 518px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.6pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ukuran Ayakan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.55pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berat Granul (gram)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No. Mesh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ukuran partikel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3 menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,7 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,4 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1,18 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1 mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">850 </span><span lang="IN">μ</span><span lang="IN">m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">< 850 </span><span lang="IN">μ</span><span lang="IN">m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 19.6pt; mso-element-top: 339.5pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grafik
Distribusi Ukuran Partikel-Granul Besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj35NfdpHfWk7hV1w_dECUeze0odjJVBtDgRo39Cnwg-HEETBqjoU4nqyE6s30n4udn4j5tLUPsS2LZT94xZTacOObUwF8-cE6o4UBD8oNamU4syDhxx-tcMGz0A4R8roKy9Mlvkzqcdy1U/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj35NfdpHfWk7hV1w_dECUeze0odjJVBtDgRo39Cnwg-HEETBqjoU4nqyE6s30n4udn4j5tLUPsS2LZT94xZTacOObUwF8-cE6o4UBD8oNamU4syDhxx-tcMGz0A4R8roKy9Mlvkzqcdy1U/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Grafik Distribusi
Ukuran Partikel-Granul Kecil :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih8uDuCjXuq7kwWske1kofq2Ykr9UVffR4MtBPxOH9dzQlfQ9SuKvMSAvYghhGxosfwvI7zUkoNylttu9EyzsrnV3koCR0QMxgfaQqDzpEu_ajfQWlxTi5bA8Ewfx4YBC8UlQVL7rvHiP8/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih8uDuCjXuq7kwWske1kofq2Ykr9UVffR4MtBPxOH9dzQlfQ9SuKvMSAvYghhGxosfwvI7zUkoNylttu9EyzsrnV3koCR0QMxgfaQqDzpEu_ajfQWlxTi5bA8Ewfx4YBC8UlQVL7rvHiP8/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembahasan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
praktikum kali ini. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan metode pengayakan untuk
dapat mengetahui pengaruh waktu terhadap distribusi partikel. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode pengayakan sendiri adalah metode yang
mengguanakan suatu seri ayakan standar yang dikalibrasi oleh The National
Bureau of Standards. Ayakan umumnya digunakan untuk memilih partikel-partikel
yang lebih kasar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
tetapi jika digunakan dengan sangat hati-hati, ayakan-ayakan tersebut bisa
digunakan untuk mengayak bahan sampai sehalus 44 mikrometer (ayakan no.325).
menurut metode U. S. P untuk menguji kehalusan serbuk suatu massa sampel
tertentu ditaruh suatu ayakan yang cocok dan digoyangkan secara mekanik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan
ini, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kita menggunakan ayakan no 12,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">16,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">18, dan 20
mesh dengan ukuran diameter masing-masingnya 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.18 mm, 1 mm, dan 850 µ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. 20 mesh maksudnya adalah dalam 1 inci terdapat 2
lubang. Ayakan ini disusun dengan nomer ayakan yang paling kecil diletakkan
paling atas, sehingga partikel yang berukuran lebih besar dari 1,7 mm tidak
dapat melewati ayakan 12 mesh.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Digunakan pula dua
bentuk granul pada percobaan ini, yaitu terdiri dari granul halus dan kasar.
Untuk granul kasar di ayak dengan waktu 5, 10, dan 15 menit, sedangkan granul
halus diayak dengan waktu 3, 7, 10 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebelum
diayak, sampel ditimbang dulu 100 gram. Ayakan juga ditimbang dahulu dalam
keadaan kosong. Kemudian ayakan disusun dari nomer ayakan yang paling kecil ke
yang paling besar (no. 12,14,16,18,20). Kemudian kabel power dihubungkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
ke sumber tegangan listrik. Setelah semuanya dilakukan, tekan tombol on yang
berada pada alat ayakan yang digunakan. Lalu tombol start dinyalakan dan set
waktu yang akan digunakan untuk mengayak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut contoh
gambar Rangkaian alat percobaan distribusi ukuran campuran :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrPn7-5LDmzV-iV0JJUHpGYZStwFWzZ_EgwrS3RuEGHuxwYZvgzQyM-3jWnC0WTqw50ufLnyAhEDwA2EqxfDHvPC6fhx82_whpIHWE3mLOv6e2oiXEXqvDqnqustHa57FT5kuJN2lEAGzQ/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrPn7-5LDmzV-iV0JJUHpGYZStwFWzZ_EgwrS3RuEGHuxwYZvgzQyM-3jWnC0WTqw50ufLnyAhEDwA2EqxfDHvPC6fhx82_whpIHWE3mLOv6e2oiXEXqvDqnqustHa57FT5kuJN2lEAGzQ/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
pengayakan selesai, ayakan yang berisi sampel yang tertinggal ditimbang.
Kemudian dihitung bobot sampel yang tertinggal tersebut yang kemudian dibuat
dalam bentuk grafik. Pada percobaan granul kasar didapat grafik yang sesuai
dengan literatur, dimana kurva membentuk kurva parabola minimum dan maksimum.
Sedangkan grafik hasil percobaan granul halus tidak membentuk kurva parabola,
dimana jumlah granul menumpuk pada bagian ayakan dengan ukuran partikel paling kecil
yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">850 µ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data
percobaan dapat pula dilihat, bahwa waktu pengayakan juga mempengaruhi
banyaknya partikel granul pada setiap ayakan. Berdasarkan literatur semakin
lama waktu pengayaka maka akan semakin banyak granul yang dapat lolos melewati
ayakan. Namun terdapat beberapa data yang tidak sesuai dengan literatur pada
percobaan ini. Hal ini dikarenakan bahan yang digunakan tidak sama, sehingga
hasil percobaan tidak begitu valid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data pengamatan dan pembahasan
diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Pengayakan
untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu terhadap distribusi partikel dapat digunakan
Metode Pengayakan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Metode pengayakan adalah metode yang mengguanakan suatu seri ayakan
standar yang dikalibrasi oleh The National Bureau of Standards.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Semakin
lama waktu pengayakan, distribusi partikel semakin luas. Artinya partikel yang
lolos melewati ayakan semakin banyak.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Untuk
mendapatkan hasil ayakan yang bagus maka serbuk harus ditaruh merata dalam
ayakan.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Untuk
mendapatkan data yang valid, bahan yang digunakan harus bahan yang sama.</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Martin,
A., 1993,Farmasi Fisika, Buku II, 1022-1023, 1036-1038, UI Press, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moechtar,
1990, Farmasi Fisika, 169, UGM Press, Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudjaswadi,R.,
2002,Hand Out Kimia Fisika, 111-113, Fakultas Farmasi UGM,Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Voigt,
R., 1995,Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, edisi V, 45, 47, 51,UGM
Press,Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03510197790045126088noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-69429535102780501802016-01-01T11:54:00.000-08:002016-01-01T11:54:34.863-08:00Penentuan Tegangan Permukaan Larutan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.com/2016/01/penentuan-tegangan-permukaan-larutan.html">Penentuan Tegangan Permukaan Larutan</a></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami pengaruh tegangan
permukaan dalam pembuatan sediaan farmasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerti dan dapat menentukan
tegangan permukaan dari berbagai macam pelarut dengan metode kenaikan kapiler </span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tegangan permukaan merupakan fenomena menarik yang terjadi pada zat cair
(fluida) yang berada dalam keadaan diam (statis). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Molekul-molekul cairan
yang berada dibagian fase cairan seluruhnya akan dikelilingi oleh
molekul-molekul dengan gaya tarik-menarik yang sama ke segala arah sehingga
resultan gaya sama dengan nol lain halnya dengan molekul-molekul cairan pada
permukaan. Molekul-molekul itu disebelah bawah dikelilingi oleh molekul-molekul
cairan sedangkan dibagian atas oleh molekul-molekul dan fasa uap sehingga gaya
tarik kebawah lebih besar dari gaya tarik keatas. Hal ini menimbulkan sifat
kecenderungan untuk memperkecil luas permukaan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh yang menarik tetes air cenderung berbentuk seperti
balon (yang merupakan gambaran luas minimum sebuah volum) dengan zat cair
berada di tengahnya. Hal yang sama terjadi pada jarum baja yang memiliki rapat
massa lebih besar dari air tapi dapat mengambang di permukaan zat cair. Fenomena ini terjadi karena selaput zat cair
dalam kondisi tegang, tegangan fluida ini bekerja paralel terhadap permukaan
dan timbul dari adanya gaya tarik menarik antara molekulnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Tegangan permukaan </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> didefinisikan
sebagai gaya <i>F</i> persatuan panjang L yang bekerja tegak lurus pada setiap
garis di permukaan fluida. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkrpq6Ta80kgQQHGK5KoBM9KReqRmUbPCgFuxl5Rn8-2yydxlzSSrN9mAlAQMeOT_zwt5IfOd6NYOvxz1qvIBA4Ma149IuD2sfzvIyGXtN3AKYyNruthQV_vlarHhfEM4OA2UwcYdx430Y/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkrpq6Ta80kgQQHGK5KoBM9KReqRmUbPCgFuxl5Rn8-2yydxlzSSrN9mAlAQMeOT_zwt5IfOd6NYOvxz1qvIBA4Ma149IuD2sfzvIyGXtN3AKYyNruthQV_vlarHhfEM4OA2UwcYdx430Y/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Permukaan fluida yang berada dalam
keadaan tegang meliputi permukaan luar dan dalam (selaput cairan sangat tipis
tapi masing jauh lebih besar dari ukururan satu molekul pembentuknya), sehingga
untuk cincin dengan keliling L yang diangkat perlahan dari permukaan fluida,
besarnya gaya F yang dibutuhkan untuk mengimbangi gaya-gaya permukaan fluida 2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">g</span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">L</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
dapat ditentukan dari pertambahan panjang pegas halus penggantung cincin
(Dinamometer). Sehingga tegangan permukaan fluida memiliki nilai sebesar,</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdMJAuxYCUGGkI9sOIXq76Sjj2Njt4EHsYoWtVXhKS4N8IcumqALvCahWFe-pEvv5QCkJ5JOBxc4SRaOgcHPMU6W_x0i7Ko9qhQxdVGA6yiRwBwdCeWxZxQIlgMs8VflvoxEFH1CTwrQC/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdMJAuxYCUGGkI9sOIXq76Sjj2Njt4EHsYoWtVXhKS4N8IcumqALvCahWFe-pEvv5QCkJ5JOBxc4SRaOgcHPMU6W_x0i7Ko9qhQxdVGA6yiRwBwdCeWxZxQIlgMs8VflvoxEFH1CTwrQC/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">dimana, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> = tegangan
permukaan (N/m)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> F = gaya (Newton)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> L = panjang permukaan
selaput fluida (m)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan muka terdapat pada batas
cairan dengan uap jenuh diudara dan juga antara permukaan cairan dengan cairan
lain yang tidak bercampur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metoda penentuan tegangan muka:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa metoda penentuan
tegangan muka, diantaranya adalah metoda kenaikan pipa kapiler, metoda tekanan
maksimum gelembung, metoda tetes, metode <i>Du
Nouy ring, </i>dan lempeng Wilhelmy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metoda kanaikan pipa kapiler</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></h3>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila suatu pipa kapiler dimasukkan kedalam cairan yang membasahi
dinding maka cairan akan naik kedalam kapiler karena adanya tegangan muka.
Kenaikan cairan sampai pada suhu tinggi tertentu sehingga terjadi keseimbangan
antara gaya keatas dan kebawah (persamaan 1) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya
kebawah, F = </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.r<sup>2</sup>.h.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h
: tinggi permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g
: percepatan gravitasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> : berat jenis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r
: jejari kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan
(2) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya
keatas, F’ = 2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.r.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.cos</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">q</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah tegangan muka dan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">q</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah sudut kontak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
kesetimbangan, gaya kebawah sama dengan gaya keatas (dari persamaan 1 dan 2)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.r.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.cos</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">q</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.r<sup>2</sup>.h.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
air dan kebanyakan cairan organik umumnya </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">q</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0 atau dapat dianggap batas lapisan pararel dengan kapiler,
sehingga harga cos</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">q</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1 maka persamaan 3 :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> = ½.r. h.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Daftar
tegangan muka beberapa zat pada suhu 20</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">0</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> C, sumber : Young
Freedman.1996.University Physics 9</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> edition.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuumLSZprbLRJhn6sGHMS5nFYFJfivUv8Y_5WLzW3dgpUsNDQiO7ORC8wZUPLJzfxJDIMZ5afXrePaFfSt6oUuPRUztTBQ7y73c07qNa-PG10MFV7n1skHofwajdRyT4vhs2xbYoveQY-N/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuumLSZprbLRJhn6sGHMS5nFYFJfivUv8Y_5WLzW3dgpUsNDQiO7ORC8wZUPLJzfxJDIMZ5afXrePaFfSt6oUuPRUztTBQ7y73c07qNa-PG10MFV7n1skHofwajdRyT4vhs2xbYoveQY-N/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.4pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas beker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipa kapiler dengan diameter tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hot plate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Piknometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.45pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minyak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Larutkan uji dituang ke dalam gelas
beker sampai ¾ volume</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Masukan pipa kapiler yang telah
ditentukan dimeter dalamnya hingga hampir menyentuh dasar gelas beker</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Ukur ketinggian naiknya sampel dari
permukaan larutan pad gelas beker sampai naiknya sampel</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Tentukan tegangan permukaan larutan
sampel dengan memasukan kedalam persamaan berikut:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmHOht0YzQdOCmtumPXGkHY78F6lBDrLGUoLFXpJ_f_bTz7KV9MsJZNmmoYd1heBWNl2_QCTXyPhoULJApBMZ2w1coRKSIIF4lDzA6q69rvKCMqhT7l4ics0_H4sbXKKUzmKjdE4dFfM9/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmHOht0YzQdOCmtumPXGkHY78F6lBDrLGUoLFXpJ_f_bTz7KV9MsJZNmmoYd1heBWNl2_QCTXyPhoULJApBMZ2w1coRKSIIF4lDzA6q69rvKCMqhT7l4ics0_H4sbXKKUzmKjdE4dFfM9/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Tegangan permukaan ditentukan pada suhu
kamar dan suhu 40 ◦C</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Percobaan dan Perhitungan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengolahan Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel
Data Hasil Pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 569px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sample<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berat (gram)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.5pt;" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rambat Kapiler (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Piknometer kosong (W<sub>1)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Piknometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dan Air (W<sub>2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Piknometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dan Sample (W<sub>3</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sample<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15,4420<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">40,6014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">35,6724<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14,2575<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">39,3293<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">45,7398<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15,3060<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">40,2219<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">36,2550<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14,9579<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">39,9098<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">34,6178<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin 40<sup>0</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12,7737<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">22,9801<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25,1409<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 25.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minyak 40<sup>0</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15,8935<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">40,8001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">36,4580<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 44.2pt;" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Perhitungan</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77SQblkHtK2er166axYvGBl10Mmup_trptEa7oEHwSi-7dchA1KyMjKJt-83b64z10s4s-r1ohaIoOB038mzDjeCP40c9eWDULy9SBObMEe9gXS3PYu-V9Y5Gmpb40GqI5NvopwFsiRIe/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77SQblkHtK2er166axYvGBl10Mmup_trptEa7oEHwSi-7dchA1KyMjKJt-83b64z10s4s-r1ohaIoOB038mzDjeCP40c9eWDULy9SBObMEe9gXS3PYu-V9Y5Gmpb40GqI5NvopwFsiRIe/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 1 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Alkohol (ρ) = <u>35,6724 -
15,4420 </u> = <u>20,2304</u> = 0,8041
g/mol<br />
40,6014 - 15,4420 25.1594<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 2 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Gliserin (ρ) = <u>45,7398 -
14,2575</u> = <u>31,4823</u> = 1,2557 g/mol<br />
39,3293 - 14,2575 25.0718<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 3 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Minyak (ρ) = <u>36,2550 - 15,3060</u>= <u>20,9490</u> = 0,8408 g/mol<br />
40,2219 - 15,3060 24,9159<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 4 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Alkohol 40<sup>0 </sup>C (ρ)
= <u>34,6178 - 14,9579</u> = <u>19,6599</u> = 0,7879 g/mol<br />
39,9098 - 14,9579 24,9519<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 5 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Gliserin 40<sup>0 </sup>C
(ρ) = <u>25,1409 - 12,7737</u> = <u>12,3672</u> = 1,2117 g/mol<br />
22,9801 - 12,7737 10,2064<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 6 : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massa Jenis Minyak 40<sup>0 </sup>C (ρ)
= <u>36,4580 - 15,8935</u> = <u>20,5645</u> = 0,8257 g/mol<br />
40,8001 - 15,8935 24,906<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyzwtYjRuTRrB6hByoibW00EzSvqP_H4OMg7pG17sCJP7TmGZ41iXd79C-UgPm7tY4Y9xvsTUqDyH7Ge6o3W1IKxqWKpjUyGmsRvKJUGy33F3gloG_WYZTlHHZQ0TMljHaxy9V-sKVymF/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="54" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJyzwtYjRuTRrB6hByoibW00EzSvqP_H4OMg7pG17sCJP7TmGZ41iXd79C-UgPm7tY4Y9xvsTUqDyH7Ge6o3W1IKxqWKpjUyGmsRvKJUGy33F3gloG_WYZTlHHZQ0TMljHaxy9V-sKVymF/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Catatan : Diameter pipa kapiler (r) = 1,1 mm = 0,11 cm<br />
Gaya Gravitasi (g) = 981 cm/s<sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 1 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1,5 = 80,9325 dyne/cm<br />
Tegangan permukaan Alkohol : ½ x 0,11 cm x 0,8041 x 981 x 0,9 = 39,0467 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 2 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1,3 = 70,1415 dyne/cm<br />
Tegangan permukaan Gliserin : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1,2557 x 981 x 0,7 = 47,4259 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 3 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1,3 = 70,1415 dyne/cm<br />
Tegangan permukaan Minyak : ½ x 0,11 cm x 0,8408 x 981 x 1,1 =
49,9019 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 4 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1,2 = 64,746 dyne/cm<br />
Tegangan permukaan Alkohol 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 0,7879 x 981 x 1 = 42,5111 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 5 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1 = 53,955 dyne/cm<br />
Tegangan permukaan Gliserin 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1,2117 x 981 x 0,8 = 52,3018 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok 6 : <br />
Tegangan permukaan Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 1 x 981 x 1,5 = 80,9325 dyne/cm <br />
Tegangan permukaan Minyak 40<sup>0 </sup>C : ½ x 0,11 cm x 0,8257 x 981 x 1,3 = 57,9159 dyne/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sample<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerapatan
(g/mol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketinggian
Sampel (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tegangan
Permukaan (dyne/cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">80,9325<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,8041<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">39,0467<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">64,746<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7879<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">42,5111<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">70,1415<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2557<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">47,4259<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">53,955<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">52,3018<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">70,1415<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,8408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">49,9019<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">80,9325<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Minyak 40<sup>0 </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0,8257<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.15pt;" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">57,9159<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam praktikum kali ini. Digunakan
metode kenaikan pipa kapiler untuk dapat mengetahui tegangan permukaan beberapa
pelarut yaitu ait, alkohol, minyak, dan gliserin pada suhu kamar (27</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cordia New","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C)
dan ketika dinaikkan menjadi 40</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cordia New","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> c</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.
Dalam hal ini, kelompok empat mengukur tegangan permukaan air (aquadest) dan
alkohol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk
mengukur tegangan permukaan, kerapatan yang dimiliki masing-masing senyawa
harus diketahui terlebih dahulu, untuk itu digunakan piknometer, dimana
ditimbang massa piknometer kosong (W<sub>0</sub>), massa piknometer berisi air
(W<sub>1</sub>), dan piknometer yang berisi senyawa (W<sub>2</sub>) pada suhu 27<sup>0</sup>C
dan suhu 40<sup>0</sup>C, dengan menggunakan rumus :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8cbZXkgjGPOx8vPw6Fv5HiaT61rhPVqc3J6KaA3r9iUfCzpGalZZDy4nFuqgWYKNitVm-WIZ6JhmVutp1m5kHs4shHej990W1CJWcduxfTQo32QmcbXlsAwagERwopNQwW0k6UvwCEVO/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8cbZXkgjGPOx8vPw6Fv5HiaT61rhPVqc3J6KaA3r9iUfCzpGalZZDy4nFuqgWYKNitVm-WIZ6JhmVutp1m5kHs4shHej990W1CJWcduxfTQo32QmcbXlsAwagERwopNQwW0k6UvwCEVO/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
mengetahui kerapatan masing-masing senyawa, barulah dapat dihitung tegangan
permukaannya. Berdasarkan data percobaan, pada suhu 27</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">0</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C air
memiliki tegangan permukaan sebesar 70,1415 dyne/cm, minyak memiliki tegangan
permukaan sebesar 49,9019 dyne/cm, gliserin memiliki tegangan permukaan 47,4259
dyne/cm, dan alkohol memiliki tegangan permukaan sebesar 39,0467 dyne/cm.
Sedangkan pada suhu 40</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">0</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C air memiliki tegangan permukaan sebesar 64,746
dyne/cm, minyak memiliki tegangan permukaan sebesar 57,9159 dyne/cm, gliserin
memiliki tegangan permukaan sebesar 52,3018 dyne/cm, dan alkohol memiliki
tegangan permukaan sebesar 42,5111 dyne/cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari
data tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa yang memiliki tegangan permukaan paling besar
adalah air. Jika dilihat dari kepolaritasan keempat senyawa tersebut, air
bersifat paling polar. Hal ini sesuai dengan teoritis dimana semakin polar suatu
senyawa maka semakin besar tegangan permukaan senyawa tersebut. Namun, terdapat
beberapa kesalahan pada hasil percobaan. Seharusnya minyak memiliki tegangan
permukaan paling rendah namun pada hasil percobaan tidak sesuai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu dapat
dilihat pula bahwa tegangan permukaan pada suhu 27<sup>0</sup>C lebih besar
dari pada tegangan permukaan pada suhu 40<sup>0</sup>C. Hal ini sesuai pula
dengan literatur dimana semakin tinggi suhu suatu senyawa maka tegangan
permukaannya semakin kecil dan begitu pula sebaliknya. Namun, terdapat pula
beberapa hasil percobaan yang tidak sesuai dengan literatur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data
tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa percobaan yang telah dilakukan ternyata
mengalami sedikit penyimpangan dengan data pada literatur. Hal ini mungkin
disebabkan beberapa hal, diantaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegangan permukaan dipengaruhi juga oleh suhu. Pada praktikum ini dilakukan
pada suhu 27<sup>0</sup>C dan 40<sup>0</sup>C. Kemungkinan terjadi
ketidaksamaan suhu antar kelompok satu dengan kelompok lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurang telitian praktikan dalam
membaca skala pada pipa kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurang telitian praktikan dalam
penimbangan massa piknometer dalam menentukan kerapatan senyawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data pengamatan dan pembahasan
diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Untuk
mengetahui tegangan permukaan beberapa senyawa dapat digunakan Metode Kenaikan
Pipa Kapiler.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Nilai
tegangan permukaan paling besar adalah air.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Tegangan
permukaan pada suhu 27<sup>0</sup>C lebih besar dari pada tegangan permukaan
pada suhu 40<sup>0</sup>C.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Semakin
tinggi sifat kepolaran suatu senyawa maka semakin besar tegangan permukaan.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Semakin
tinggi suhu suatu senyawa maka tegangan permukaannya semakin kecil dan begitu
pula sebaliknya.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -1cm;">Tegangan
permukaan suatu senyawa berbeda-beda.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Martin,
A., 1993,Farmasi Fisika, Buku II, 1022-1023, 1036-1038, UI Press, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">Moechtar,
1990, Farmasi Fisika, 169, UGM Press, Yogyakarta</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03510197790045126088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-26887808545244921082016-01-01T11:49:00.000-08:002016-01-01T11:49:26.915-08:00Laporan Praktikum Fisiologi Pencernaan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">LAPORAN
PRAKTIKUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JUDUL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><a href="http://delvina-vina.blogspot.co.id/" target="_blank"><b>Fisiologi Pencernaan</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengamati
kerja enzim amilase ludah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengamati
pengaruh suhu terhadap kerja <b>enzim</b> amilase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencernaan makanan yang terjadi
didalam saluran pencernaan makanan dilakukan melalui dua cara, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -21.3pt;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -21.3pt;">Pencernaan
secara mekanik, pemecahan makanan yang dilakukan melalui pengunyahan makanan
oleh gigi. Pengadukan serta penggerakan makanan dengan melalui kerja otot yang
terdapat di dinding saluran pencernaan makanan.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -21.3pt;">Pencernaan
secara kimiawi, pencernaan makanan yang dilakukan oleh enzim. Enzim ini
dihasilkan oleh dinding saluran pencernaan dan oleh kelenjar-kelenjar yang
letaknya di luar saluran pencernaan.</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b>Enzim adalah</b> protein spesifik yang berfungsi
sebagai biokatalisator( mempercepat proses hidrolisis), tidak ikut serta dalam
proses reaksi dan diperoleh kembali pada akhir reaksi (sifat dan jumlah tidak
berubah). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerja <b>enzim</b> sangat spesifik, artinya satu
macam <b>enzim</b> akan bekerja memecahkan substrat tertentu. Enzim ini tidak dapat
bekerja untuk substrat lain, seperti misalnya <b>enzim</b> lipase hanya dapat
memecahkan lemak saja. <b>Enzim</b> pencernaan yang terdapat di dalam berbagai getah
pencernaan terdiri dari 3 kelompok yaitu
amilase, lipase, dan protease yang masing-masing untuk mencerna zat makanan
yang berupa karbohidarat, lemak, dan protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">Sekitar 1500 ml air liur disekresi per hari.PH
saliva saat saat kelenjar istirahat sedikit lebih rendah dari 7,0, tetapi saat
sekresi aktif, PH nya mencapai 8,0.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ALAT DAN BAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tabung reaksi 6 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Erlenmeyer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelas beker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penangas air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pipet ukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaduk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Termometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penjepit kayu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cawan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelas ukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saliva yang
telah disaring 5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Larutan amilum
30 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Larutan
benedict 6 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aquades<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">CARA KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Campuran
amylum + saliva yang tidak dipanaskan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mengisi tabung reaksi 1-3 dengan 1 ml larutan benedict<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mengukur amylum dengan pipet ukur 15 ml, lalu memasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Memasukkan saliva 2,5 ml yang telah disaring kedalam larutan amylum 15 ml dalam erlenmeyer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Dengan interval waktu 5 menit,campuran no.3 dibagi menjadi 3, lalu dimasukkan kedalam tabung reaksi yang berisi larutan benedict<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Campuran no.4 dipanaskan hingga warna larutan sampai berubah menjadi kuning atau merah bata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mencatat perubahan warna yang terjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mengangkat dan mendinginkan dalam air kran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mengamati perubahannya setelah didinginkan</span><b style="text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Campuran amylum + saliva yang terlebih dahulu dipanaskan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">Mengisi tabung reaksi 1-3 dengan 1 ml larutan
benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengukur
amylum dengan pipet ukur 15 ml, lalu memasukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memasukkan
saliva 2,5 ml yang telah disaring kedalam larutan amylum 15 ml dalam erlenmeyer
lalu dipanaskan pada suhu 60<sup>0</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah
dipanaskan, lalu didinginkan sekitar 5 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
interval waktu 5 menit,campuran amylum + saliva yang telah dingin dibagi
menjadi 3, lalu dimasukkan kedalam tabung reaksi yang berisi larutan benedict.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Campuran no.5
dipanaskan hingga warna larutan sampai berubah menjadi kuning atau merah bata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mencatat
perubahan warna yang terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengangkat dan
mendinginkan dalam air kran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengamati
perubahannya setelah didinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:169.2pt;margin-top:23.95pt;
width:112.5pt;height:84.75pt;z-index:251658240;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-width-relative:page;mso-height-relative:page'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\DELVIN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="B 8 menit"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 113px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 150px; z-index: 251658240;"><br /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xpKhZk9V_vjRO5Z4f7bMCtTJUZLTAmzhkxiwCmE5kkKMFoTAonEKOXig_SwYuPRIpUpd_v37VnGH-qofKTJWLgGByC0dP0AV9gwns7m1uVG8GHDo73sjlQxhm7U6qOrmvDEQOjmZnb6b/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xpKhZk9V_vjRO5Z4f7bMCtTJUZLTAmzhkxiwCmE5kkKMFoTAonEKOXig_SwYuPRIpUpd_v37VnGH-qofKTJWLgGByC0dP0AV9gwns7m1uVG8GHDo73sjlQxhm7U6qOrmvDEQOjmZnb6b/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Data Hasil Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Campuran
amylum + saliva yang tanpa dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">TR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 418.15pt;" valign="top" width="558"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Warna
Campuran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Sblm
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Saat
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Setelah
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Campuran
amylum + saliva yang terlebih dahulu dipanaskan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">TR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 418.15pt;" valign="top" width="558"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Warna
Campuran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Sblm
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Saat
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN">Setelah
dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning
muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuning sedikit orange + endapan
orange sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">VII.</span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Didalam mulut terdapat 3 kelenjar
ludah, yaitu kelenjar parotis, kelenjar submandibularis, dan kelenjar
sublingualis. Ketiga kelenjar tersebut menghasilkan saliva yang mengandung
enzim amilase. Saat amilum bereaksi dengan enzim amilase, maka enzim tersebut
akan memecah amilum menjadi maltosa. Dan untuk melihat adanya monosakarida dan
gula reduksi maka dalam percobaan ini digunakan uji benedict. Apabila positif
maka larutan akan berubah warna menjadi merah bata atau terbentuk endapan merah
bata (orange).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada percobaan A, kita menguji
campuran amilum + saliva tanpa dipanaskan. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan
adanya perubahan warna campuran saat dipanaskan. Sebelum dipanaskan warna
campuran tersebut biru, saat dipanaskan warna larutan campuran tersebut berubah
menjadi kuning, setelah dipanaskan atau setelah didinginkan warna campuran
tersebut berubah kuning sedikit orange atau merah bata dengan terbentuk endapan
merah bata yang banyak. Hal ini menunjukkan terbentuk maltosa, dan enzim
amilase bekerja dengan baik. Ini terjadi karena, pada saat kita selesai
mencampurkan benedict dengan campuran amilum + saliva tidak segera dipanaskan,
melainkan ditunggu beberapa menit dulu,sehingga enzim telah bereaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada percobaan B, kita menguji
campuran amilum + saliva dengan dipanaskan. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan
adanya perubahan warna campuran saat dipanaskan. Sebelum dipanaskan warna
campuran tersebut biru, saat dipanaskan warna larutan campuran tersebut berubah
menjadi kuning, setelah dipanaskan atau setelah didinginkan warna campuran
tersebut berubah kuning sedikit orange atau merah bata, tetapi terbentuk endapan merah bata yang lebih
sedikit dari pada percobaan A. Hal ini menunjukkan terbentuk maltosa. Tetapi
dibandingkan percobaan A, pada percobaan B terbentuk endapan merah bata yang
lebih sedikit. Dan enzim tidak mengalami denaturasi, melainkan masih bekerja
dengan baik, meskipun tidak sebaik kerjanya seperti pada percobaan A. Ini
karena pada saat kita memanaskan amilum + saliva pada suhu 40<sup>0</sup> C
bukan pada suhu 60<sup>0</sup> C, pada suhu 40<sup>0</sup> C kemungkinan enzim
malah bekerja semakin aktif karena pada suhu tersebut masih tergolong suhu
optimum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Semakin tinggi
suhu ( melampauhi suhu optimum ), enzim akan mengalami denaturasi akibatnya
enzim kehilangan bentuk fungsionalnya oleh rusaknya ikatan hidrogen sehingga
tidak dapat mengubah amilum menjadi maltosa.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Percobaan A
dan B terbentuk maltosa pada keduanya, namun endapan merah bata pada percobaan
A lebih banyak dari pada percobaan B</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Kerja enzim
amilase adalah mengubah mengubah amilum menjadi maltosa, hal ini ditunjukkan
dengan adanya endapan dalam campuran setelah
dipanaskan dan warna larutan berubah sedikit orange/ merah bata.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Suhu optimum
enzim bekerja sekitar 37<sup>0 </sup>C</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ganong,W.F. <i>Buku
Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran</i>. Edisi : 22. 2008.Jakarta : EGC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saktiyono.2008.
<i>Seribu Pena Biologi. </i>Jakarta : Erlangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sheerwood,Lauralee.Fisiologi
Manusia. Alih bahasa, Brahm; editor, Beatrice l.Santosa- Ed.2 –Jakarta :
EGC,2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03510197790045126088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-41683177380621899582015-12-04T23:30:00.004-08:002015-12-04T23:32:15.080-08:00GEL<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DEFINISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gel
adalah salah satu sistem semipadat dimana fase cairnya dibentuk dalam suatu
matriks polimer berdimensi tiga (terdiri dari gom alam atau gom sintesis) yang
tingkat ikatannya yang tinggi( terkadang kimia).</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Menurut bahasa, </span><em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel</span></em><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> (dari </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bahasa Latin</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> <em>gelu</em>
— membeku, dingin, es atau <em>gelatus</em>
— membeku) adalah campuran </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koloid&action=edit" title="Koloid"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">koloidal</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> antara dua zat berbeda fase: padat dan cair.</span><b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel merupakan sistem
semipadat terdiri dari suspensi yang dibuat dari partikel anorganik yang kecil
atau molekul organik yang besar, terpenetrasi oleh suatu cairan. gel
kadang – kadang disebut jeli. (FI IV, hal 7)</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel adalah sediaan
bermassa lembek, berupa suspensi yang dibuat dari zarah kecil senyawaan organik
atau makromolekul senyawa organik, masing-masing terbungkus dan saling
terserap oleh cairan (Formularium Nasional, hal 315)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">P</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">ENGGOLONGAN </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">G</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">EL </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan Fasa Koloid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel
Organik; merupakan gel sistem dua fase. Gel sistem dua fase terbentuk jika
massa gel terdiri dari jaringan partikel kecil yg terpisah dalam sistem. Jika
ukuran partikel dari fase terdispersi relatif besar, maka partikel anorganik
tidak larut, hampir secara keseluruhan terdispersi pada fasa kontinu. Contoh:
gel aluminium hidroksida dan magma bentonit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel
Anorganik; merupakan gel sistem satu fase. Ia terdiri dari makromolekul organik
yang tersebar serba sama dalam suatu cairan sedemikian sehingga tidak terlihat
adanya ikatan molekul makro yang terdispersi dalam cairan.Gel fase tunggal
dapat dibuat dari makromolekul sintetik (misal karbomer)atau dari gom logam.
Contoh: tragakan dan karbopol.</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan Sifat Pelarut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Hidrogel
(pelarut air): </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel golongan ini menggunakan pelarut
air. Pada umumnya terbentuk oleh molekul polimer hidrofilik yang saling sambung
melalui ikatan kimia atau kohesi seperti interaksi ionik, ikatan hidrogen atau
interaksi hidrofobik. </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Hidrogel
punya biokompatibilitas yg tinggi karena tegangan permukaan yg rendah d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">en</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">a</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">n
cairan biologi jaringan sehingga meminimalkan kekuatan adsorbsi protein dan
adesi sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Kekuatan
hidrogel yaitu memiliki kekuatan mekanik dan kekerasan yg rendah.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Organogel: </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pelarut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">nya</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">
bukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> lah</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> air/pelarut organik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">ontoh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> gel golongan ini adalah</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">: plastibase(suatu polietilen dengan BM rendah yang
terlarut dalam minyak mineral)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> dispersi logam
stearat dalam minyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> dan cocoa butter.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Xerogel: </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel
yang telah padat dengan konsentrasi pelarut yang rendah.</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Xerogel
sering dihasilkan dari evaporasi pelarut,sehingga sisa-sisa kerangka gel yang
tertinggal.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">SIFAT / KARAKTERISTIK
GEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Sifat / Karakteristik
Gel (lachman, 496 – 499)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Zat pembentuk gel yang
ideal untuk sediaan farmasi dan kosmetik ialah inert, aman dan tidak bereaksi
dengan komponen lain</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pemilihan bahan
pembentuk gel harus dapat memberikan bentuk padatan yang baik selama
penyimpanan tapi dapat rusak segera ketika sediaan diberikan kekuatan atau daya
yang disebabkan oleh pengocokan dalam botol, pemerasan tube, atau selama
penggunaan topikal.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Karakteristik gel harus
disesuaikan dengan tujuan penggunaan sediaan yang diharapkan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Penggunaan bahan
pembentuk gel yang konsentrasinya sangat tinggi atau BM besar dapat
menghasilkan gel yang sulit untuk dikeluarkan atau digunakan).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel dapat terbentuk
melalui penurunan temperatur, tapi dapat juga pembentukan gel terjadi satelah
pemanasan hingga suhu tertentu. Contoh polimer seperti MC, HPMC dapat terlarut
hanya pada air yang dingin yang akan membentuk larutan yang kental dan pada
peningkatan suhu larutan tersebut akan membentuk gel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Fenomena pembentukan gel
atau pemisahan fase yang disebabkan oleh pemanasan disebut thermogelation</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Sifat dan karakteristik
gel adalah sebagai berikut <b>(Disperse system):</b></span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Swelling: </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel dapat mengembang
karena komponen pembentuk gel dapat mengabsorbsi larutan sehingga terjadi
pertambahan volume.</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> Pelarut akan berpenetrasi diantara
matriks gel dan terjadi interaksi antara pelarut
dengan gel. Pengembangan gel kurang sempurna bila terjadi ikatan silang antar
polimer di dalam matriks gel yang dapat menyebabkan kelarutan komponen
gel berkurang.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Sineresis : </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Suatu proses yang terjadi akibat adanya
kontraksi di dalam ma</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">sa gel. Cairan yang
terjerat akan keluar dan berada di atas permukaan gel. Pada waktu pembentukan
gel terjadi tekanan yang elastis, sehingga terbentuk ma</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">sa
gel yang tegar. Mekanisme terjadinya kontraksi berhubungan dengan fase
relaksasi akibat adanya tekanan elastis pada saat terbentuknya gel. Adanya
perubahan pada ketegaran gel akan mengakibatkan jarak antar matriks berubah,
sehingga memungkinkan cairan bergerak menuju permukaan. Sineresis dapat terjadi
pada </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">hid</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">ogel</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> maupun organogel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Efek suhu :</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">mempengaruhi struktur gel.
Gel dapat terbentuk melalui penurunan temperatur tapi dapat juga pembentukan
gel terjadi setelah pemanasan hingga suhu tertentu. Polimer separti MC, HPMC,
terlarut hanya pada air yang dingin membentuk larutan yang kental. Pada
peningkatan suhu larutan tersebut membentuk gel. Fenomena pembentukan gel atau
pemisahan fase yang disebabkan oleh pemanasan disebut thermogelation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Efek elektrolit: </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Konsentrasi elektrolit yang sangat
tinggi akan berpengaruh pada gel hidrofilik dimana ion berkompetisi secara
efektif dengan koloid terhadap pelarut yang ada dan koloid digaramkan
(melarut). Gel yang tidak terlalu hidrofilik dengan konsentrasi elektrolit
kecil akan meningkatkan rigiditas gel dan mengurangi waktu untuk menyusun diri
sesudah pemberian tekanan geser. Gel Na-alginat akan segera mengeras dengan
adanya sejumlah konsentrasi ion kalsium yang disebabkan karena terjadinya
pengendapan parsial dari alginat sebagai kalsium alginat yang tidak
larut. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Elastisitas dan rigiditas : </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Sifat ini </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">merupakan
karakteristik dari gel gelatin agar dan nitroselulosa, selama transformasi dari
bentuk sol menjadi gel terjadi peningkatan elastisitas dengan peningkatan
konsentrasi pembentuk gel. Bentuk struktur gel resisten terhadap perubahan atau
deformasi dan mempunyai aliran viskoelastik. Struktur gel dapat bermacam-macam
tergantung dari komponen pembentuk gel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Rheologi: </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Larutan pembentuk gel
(gelling agent) dan dispersi padatan yang terflokulasi memberikan sifat aliran
pseudoplastis yang khas, dan menunjukkan jalan aliran non – Newton yang
dikarakterisasi oleh penurunan viskositas dan peningkatan laju aliran.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">KELEBIHAN DAN
KEKURANGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kelebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Efek
pendingin pada kulit saat digunakan,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Penampilan
jernih dan elegan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pada
pemakaian di kulit setelah kering meninggalkan</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">film tembus pandang</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Elastis</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Daya
lekat tinggi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pelepasan
obatnya baik</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Kemampuaan
penyebaran pada kulit baik</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kekurangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Kandungan
surfaktan yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan iritasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Harga
lebih mahal.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel
dengan kandunga alkohol tinggi membuat pedih pada wajah dan mata</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Penampilan
buruk saat pemaparan sinar matahari</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Lebih
cepat menguap dan meninggalkan film berpori atau pecah-pecah sehingga tidak
semua area tertutupi atau kontak dengan zat aktif.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">PENGGOLONGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">BERDASARKAN
SIFAT FASA KOLOID(Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Disperse System Vol 2 hal 400)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">el anorganik, contoh : bentonit
magma</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel organik,
pembentuk gel berupa polimer</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">BERDASARKAN
JENIS PELARUT(Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Disperse System Vol 2 hal 400; Panwar
et al. 2011; Rao et al. 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Hidrogel
(adalah aqueous gel (pelarutnya air) yang mengandung polimer tidak larut air). </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Contoh :
bentonit magma, gelatin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Organogel
(mengandung pelarut bukan air/pelarut organik). </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Contoh :
plastibase dan dispersi logam stearat dalam minyak.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Xerogel (gel
padat dengan konsentrasi pelarut yang rendah). </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Diperoleh
dengan evaporasi pelarut sehingga hanya tertinggal kerangka gel.Contoh :
gelatin kering, tragakan ribbons dan acacia tears, dan sellulosa kering dan
polystyrene.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Emulgel</span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;"> adalah
kombinasi gel dan emulsi dalam satu sediaan di mana emulsi (baik itu w/o atau
o/w) digunakan sebagai pembawa untuk menghantarkan obat-obat hidrofobik yang
tidak dapat dihantarkan oleh gel saja. Gel yang teremulsi merupakan pembawa
yang lebih baik untuk obat-obat yang bersifat hidrofobik atau tidak larut
air(Jain, 2011 hal 19;Panwar et al. 2011, hal 333-334; Rao et al. 2013 hal
1)Dapus Jain, 2011 hal 19 Gak Nemu</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">BERDASARKAN
JENIS FASE TERDISPERSI(FI IV halaman 7-8, Ansel hal 390-391)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Gel fase
tunggal, terdiri dari makromolekul organik yang tersebar serba sama dalam suatu
cairan sedemikian hingga tidak terlihat adanya ikatan antara molekul makro yang
terdispersi dan cairan. Gel fase tunggal dapat dibuat dari makromolekul
sintetik (misal karbomer) atau dari gom alam (misal tragakan). Molekul organik
larut dalam fasa kontinu.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Gel sistem dua fasa, terbentuk jika masa gel terdiri dari jaringan
partikel kecil yang terpisah. Dalam sistem ini, jika ukuran partikel dari fase
terdispersi relatif besar, masa gel kadang-kadang dinyatakan sebagai magma.
Partikel anorganik tidak larut, hampir secara keseluruhan terdispersi pada fasa
kontinu.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FORMULA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.15pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">FORMULA umum/standar </span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.15pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">R/ Zat aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.15pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Basis gel</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.15pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Zat tambahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -0.15pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt;">FORMULASI UMUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Zat
aktif</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Basis
gel</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Peningkat
penetrasi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Peningkat
konsistensi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pengawet</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pendapar</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pelembab</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Antioksidan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Pengompleks</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Formula gel yang paling sederhana
mengandung:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Water thickened agent, baik itu bahan
gom alam (tragakan, guar, xanthan), semisintetik ( MC, CMC, HEC), sintetik
(polimer karbomer-karbovinil) ataupun clay (silikat, hectorite). Viskositas gel
meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya berat molekul thickener agent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Umumnya yang digunakan thickener agen
pada formulasi gel adalah semisintetik cellulose (HPMC, MC, CMC, EC, HPC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">HEC inkompaktible dengan beberapa
garam, MC dan HPC inkompaktible dg
paraben<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zat aktif dan </span><span style="font-family: "arabic typesetting"; font-size: 14pt;">Zat tambahan lainnya </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-20882967570242017192015-12-01T22:42:00.000-08:002015-12-05T11:33:25.227-08:00Klasifikasi Penyakit Hati<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9cwbuLBtMHGDbMNmxJ31H9Xega2mfjxrZ9CruPrT1TuqNdO76h0n-zyGCRN-2OfxJpoSVNeMlaFu73MmWuSqEIIkY9q6hIfF_bUHz5E16HdNO3Kjs2F4BYY1e57e52HFywA43eb7WP2M/s1600/hati+manusia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9cwbuLBtMHGDbMNmxJ31H9Xega2mfjxrZ9CruPrT1TuqNdO76h0n-zyGCRN-2OfxJpoSVNeMlaFu73MmWuSqEIIkY9q6hIfF_bUHz5E16HdNO3Kjs2F4BYY1e57e52HFywA43eb7WP2M/s1600/hati+manusia.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Penyakit
hati dibedakan menjadi berbagai jenis, berikut beberapa macam penyakit hati
yang sering ditemukan, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hepatitis <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Istilah "hepatitis"
dipakai untuk semua jenis peradangan
pada hati. Penyebabnya dapat berbagai macam, mulai dari virus sampai dengan
obat-obatan, termasuk obat tradisional. Virus hepatitis terdiri dari beberapa
jenis: hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F dan G. Hepatitis A, B dan C adalah yang
paling banyak ditemukan. Manifestasi penyakit hepatitis akibat virus bisa akut
(hepatitis A), kronik (hepatitis B dan C) ataupun kemudian menjadi kanker hati
(hepatitis B dan C) (DepKes R1, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXnvV0sO8uc4_z3U8OZhA20vHNguse3GI4f9CDD9KhDpywEvm0eMi0gY6ZxgiiBByUQUTB54KnjW5JZ_ey6kO3dWHEncMQb2viCAjDWqKcorgyz_COcz693fJEW2rwDRP3v2O6J192xy0/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXnvV0sO8uc4_z3U8OZhA20vHNguse3GI4f9CDD9KhDpywEvm0eMi0gY6ZxgiiBByUQUTB54KnjW5JZ_ey6kO3dWHEncMQb2viCAjDWqKcorgyz_COcz693fJEW2rwDRP3v2O6J192xy0/s400/1.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Tabel 1. Memperlihatkan perbandingan virus hepatitis
A, B, C, D, dan E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(DepKes R1, 2007)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
A </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Termasuk klasifikasi virus dengan
transmisi secara enterik.Tidak memiliki selubung dan tahan terhadap cairan
empedu.Virus ini ditemukan didalam tinja. Berbentuk kubus simetrik dengan
diameter 27–28 nm, untai tunggal (single stranded), molekul RNA linier: 7,5 kb;
termasuk picornavirus, sub-klasifikasi hepatovirus. Menginfeksi dan
berreplikasi pada primata non-manusia dan galur sel manusia (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Seringkali infeksi hepatitis A pada
anak-anak tidak menimbulkan gejala, sedangkan pada orang dewasa menyebabkan
gejala mirip flu, rasa lelah, demam, diare, mual, nyeri perut, mata kuning dan
hilangnya nafsu makan. Gejala hilang sama sekali setelah 6-12 minggu. Penderita
hepatitis A akan menjadi kebal terhadap penyakit tersebut. Berbeda dengan
hepatitis B dan C, infeksi hepatitis A tidak akan berlanjut menjadi kronik
(DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Penularan terjadi melalui makanan atau
minuman yang terkontaminasi tinja penderita hepatitis A, misalnya makan
buah-buahan atau sayur yang tidak dikelola/dimasak sempurna, makan kerang
setengah matang, minum es batu yang prosesnya terkontaminasi. Masa
inkubasi 15–50 hari, (rata-rata 30
hari). Tersebar di seluruh dunia dengan
endemisitas yang tinggi terdapat di negara-negara berkembang (DepKes R1,
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Penularan terjadi melalui makanan atau
minuman yang terkontaminasi tinja penderita hepatitis A, misalnya tidak makan buah atau sayur yang tidak
dikelola/dimasak sempurna, makan kerang setengah matang, minum es batu yang
prosesnya terkontaminasi. Faktor resiko lain meliputi: tempat penitipan bayi,
institusi untuk developmentally disadvantage, bepergian ke negara berkembang,
perilaku seks oral-anal, pemakaian jarum bersama pada IDU (<i>injecting drug user</i>) (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
B </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Manifestasi infeksi Hepatitis B adalah peradangan
kronik pada hati.Virus hepatitis B termasuk yang paling sering
ditemui.Distribusinya tersebar di
seluruh dunia, dengan prevalensi karier di USA <1%, sedangkan di Asia 5–
15%.Masa inkubasi berkisar 15–180 hari, (rata-rata 60–90 hari). Viremia berlangsung
selama beberapa minggu sampai bulan setelah infeksi akut. Sebagian penderita
hepatitis B akan sembuh sempurna dan
mempunyai kekebalan seumur hidup, tapi sebagian lagi gagal memperoleh kekebalan
(DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sebanyak 1–5% penderita dewasa, 90%
neonatus dan 50% bayi akan berkembang menjadi hepatitis kronik dan viremia yang
persisten. Orang tersebut akan terus-menerus membawa virus hepatitis B dan bisa
menjadi sumber penularan. Penularannya melalui darah atau transmisi seksual. Dapat terjadi lewat jarum suntik,
pisau, tato, tindik, akupunktur atau
penggunaan sikat gigi bersama yang terkontaminasi, transfusi darah, penderita
hemodialisis dan gigitan manusia. Hepatitis B sangat berisiko bagi pecandu
narkotika dan orang yang mempunyai banyak pasangan seksual (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Gejala hepatitis B adalah lemah, lesu,
sakit otot, mual dan muntah, kadang-kadang timbul gejala flu, faringitis,
batuk, fotofobia, kurang nafsu makan,
mata dan kulit kuning yang didahului dengan urin berwarna gelap. Gatal-gatal di
kulit, biasanya ringan dan sementara. Jarang ditemukan demam. Untuk mencegah
penularan hepatitis B adalah dengan imunisasi hepatitis B terhadap bayi yang
baru lahir, menghindari hubungan badan dengan orang yang terinfeksi,
hindari penyalahgunaan obat dan
pemakaian bersama jarum suntik. Menghindari pemakaian bersama sikat gigi atau alat cukur, dan
memastikan alat suci hama bila ingin bertato melubangi telinga atau tusuk jarum
(DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
C </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hepatitis C adalah penyakit infeksi yang
bisa tak terdeteksi pada seseorang selama puluhan tahun dan perlahan-lahan tapi
pasti merusak organ hati. Penyakit ini sekarang muncul sebagai salah satu
masalah pemeliharaan kesehatan utama di Amerika Serikat, baik dalam segi
mortalitas, maupun segi finansial. Biasanya orang-orang yang menderita penyakit
hepatitis C tidak menyadari bahwa
dirinya mengidap penyakit
ini, karena memang tidak ada gejala-gejala khusus. Beberapa orang
berpikir bahwa mereka hanya terserang flu. Gejala yang biasa dirasakan antara
lain demam, rasa lelah, muntah, sakit kepala, sakit perut atau hilangnya selera
makan (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
D </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Virus Hepatitis D (HDV ) atau virus
delta adalah virus yang unik, yakni virus RNA yang tidak lengkap, memerlukan
keberadaan virus hepatitis B untuk ekspresi dan patogenisitasnya, tetapi tidak
untuk replikasinya. Penularan melalui
hubungan seksual, jarum suntik dan transfusi darah. Gejala penyakit hepatitis D
bervariasi, dapat muncul sebagai gejala yang ringan (ko-infeksi) atau sangat
progresif (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
E </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Gejala mirip hepatitis A, demam, pegal
linu, lelah, hilang nafsu makan dan sakit perut. Penyakit ini akan sembuh
sendiri (self-limited), kecuali bila
terjadi pada kehamilan, khususnya trimester ketiga, dapat mematikan. Penularan hepatitis E melalui air
yang terkontaminasi feces (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
F </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Baru ada sedikit kasus yang
dilaporkan.Saat ini para pakar belum sepakat hepatitis F merupakan penyakit
hepatitis yang terpisah (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Hepatitis
G </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gejala serupa hepatitis C, seringkali
infeksi bersamaan dengan hepatitis B dan/atau C. Tidak menyebabkan hepatitis
fulminan atau hepatitis kronik.
Penularan melalui transfusi darah dan jarum suntik (DepKes R1, 2007).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sirosis Hati <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Setelah terjadi peradangan dan bengkak,
hati mencoba memperbaiki dengan membentuk
bekas luka atau parut kecil.
Parut ini disebut "fibrosis" yang membuat hati lebih sulit melakukan
fungsinya.Sewaktu kerusakan berjalan, semakin banyakparut terbentuk dan mulai
menyatu, dalam tahap selanjutnya disebut "sirosis".Pada sirosis, area
hati yang rusak dapat menjadi permanen dan menjadi sikatriks. Darah tidak dapat
mengalir dengan baik pada jaringan hati yang rusak dan hati mulai menciut,
serta menjadi keras. Sirosis hati dapat terjadi karena virus Hepatitis B dan C
yang berkelanjutan, alkohol, perlemakan hati atau penyakit lain yang
menyebabkan sumbatan saluran empedu (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sirosis tidak dapat disembuhkan,
pengobatan dilakukan untuk mengobati komplikasi yang terjadi seperti muntah dan
keluar darah pada feses, mata kuning serta koma hepatikum.Pemeriksaan yang
dilakukan untuk mendeteksi adanya sirosis hati adalah pemeriksaan enzim
SGOT-SGPT, waktu protrombin dan protein (Albumin–Globulin) Elektroforesis
(rasio Albumin-Globulin terbalik) (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Kanker Hati <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Kanker hati yang banyak terjadi adalah <i>Hepatocellular carcinoma</i> (HCC). HCC
merupakan komplikasi akhir yang serius dari hepatitis kronis, terutama sirosis
yang terjadi karena virus hepatitis B, C dan hemochromatosis. Pemeriksaan yang
dilakukan untuk mendeteksi terjadinya kanker hati adalah AFP dan PIVKA II
(DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Perlemakan Hati <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Perlemakan hati terjadi bila penimbunan
lemak melebihi 5% dari berat hati atau mengenai lebih dari separuh jaringan sel
hati. Perlemakan hati ini sering berpotensi menjadi penyebab kerusakan hati dan
sirosis hati. Kelainan ini dapat timbul karena mengkonsumsi alcohol berlebih,
disebut ASH (Alcoholic
Steatohepatitis), maupun bukan karena alkohol, disebut NASH (Non
Alcoholic Steatohepatitis). Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan pada kasus perlemakan
hati adalah terhadap enzim SGOT, SGPT dan Alkali Fosfatase (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Kolestasis dan Jaundice <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Kolestasis merupakan keadaan akibat
kegagalan produksi dan/atau pengeluaran
empedu. Lamanya menderita kolestasis dapat menyebabkan gagalnya penyerapan
lemak dan vitamin A, D, E, K oleh usus, juga adanya penumpukan asam empedu,
bilirubin dan kolesterol di hati. Adanya kelebihan bilirubin dalam sirkulasi
darah dan penumpukan pigmen empedu pada kulit, membran mukosa dan bola mata
(pada lapisan sklera) disebut jaundice. Pada keadaan ini kulit penderita
terlihat kuning, warna urin menjadi lebih gelap, sedangkan feses lebih terang.
Biasanya gejala tersebut timbul bila kadar bilirubin total dalam darah melebihi
3 mg/dl. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan untuk kolestasis dan jaundice yaitu
terhadap Alkali Fosfatase, Gamma GT,
Bilirubin Total dan Bilirubin Direk
(DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hemochromatosis <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hemochromatosis merupakan kelainan
metabolism besi yang ditandai dengan
adanya pengendapan besi secara berlebihan di dalam jaringan. Penyakit ini
bersifat genetic atau keturunan. Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk mendeteksi terjadinya hemochromatosis adalah
pemeriksaan terhadap Transferin dan Ferritin (DepKes R1, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Abses Hati <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Abses hati dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi
bakteri atau amuba. Kondisi ini disebabkan karena bakteri berkembang biak
dengan cepat, menimbulkan gejala demam dan menggigil. Abses yang diakibatkan
karena amubiasis prosesnya berkembang lebih lambat.Abses hati, khususnya yang
disebabkan karena bakteri, sering kali berakibat fatal (DepKes R1, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sumber:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">DepKes
R1. 2007. <i>Pharmaceutical Care Untuk
Penyakit Hati</i>. Direktorat Bina Farmasi Komunitas dan Klinik Ditjen Bina
Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan RI: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-77813279458656908332015-12-01T22:26:00.000-08:002015-12-01T22:26:16.409-08:00COMPOUNDING<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b> Dosis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Anak 1-8 tahun (rumus young)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
D = n/(n+12)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Anak diatas 8 tahun <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
D= n/20<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Dosis kombinasi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Apabila dalam resep terdapat dua obat
dengan khasiat yang sama maka perlu dilakukan perhitungan dosis kombinasi :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJGKMUnNleeGIWk8YIp_BuE7U7U_qwpOX5HOe_Ska7qDi0DlXFPy3Rn-n0-0nzJ6GhXhMS-BFpOzb9ifOgHuuBycFdDq8q3CuqRi5FMF-uWVxkOgRijJnAAt9kZkSnYjL3b0FsP0CsK4/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJGKMUnNleeGIWk8YIp_BuE7U7U_qwpOX5HOe_Ska7qDi0DlXFPy3Rn-n0-0nzJ6GhXhMS-BFpOzb9ifOgHuuBycFdDq8q3CuqRi5FMF-uWVxkOgRijJnAAt9kZkSnYjL3b0FsP0CsK4/s200/1.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Contoh :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>R/ atropine sulfat 0,6
mg<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b> Beladon extra 10 mg<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>m.f.pulv.da tales doses
No. X<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>S.4.d.d.pulv I<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Dosis Maksimum (DM) atropine 1/3<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
DM beladon 20/80<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Dosis gabungan sekali<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
0,6/1 + 10/20 = 12/20 + 10/20 = 22/20 =
1,1 (>1 <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span>
dosis melebihi )<o:p></o:p></div>
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Dosis gabungan sehari<o:p></o:p></div>
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2,4/3 + 40/80 = 96/240 + 120/240 =
316/240 = 1,3 <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span>
melebihi<o:p></o:p></div>
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HUBUNGI DOKTER UNTUK PENYESUAIAN DOSIS!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Cara Penimbangan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Untuk penimbangan bahan
< 1gram </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
menggunakan penimbangan milligram</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Untuk penimbangan obat
nerkhasiat keras </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> menggunakan
alat timbang milligram meskipun > 1gram</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Untuk bahan < 50 gram </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> dilakukan pengenceran
biasanya menggunakan SL atau bahan yang berkhasiat netral dan </span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">inert.</i></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Penimbangan zat padat dan
lemak dilakukan pada kertas pada daun timbangan kiri dan kanan diberi kertas
yang sama dan ditara</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Pengambilan zat padat </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> pakai sendok dan lemak
</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> pakai spatel</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Ekstrak kental ditimbang
menggunakan kertas paraffin</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Zat cair ditimbang pada
gelas botol atau beker yang telah ditara</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Obat cair dalam jumlah mL
menggunakan gelas ukur yang ditara</span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Contoh Compounding Kapsul<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZC2QWMclOv-XhgzJfv-e-o4-x13eI6jbCSDU4FPS6DQPcZul7kVXTyThDiDql5W8K2b74cmKSGtixGRBfymuehEhjj6ujQcXUXXzl8h5yrWjegbh-1a52wLaMUgKtyrykYBTpKH-pvc/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZC2QWMclOv-XhgzJfv-e-o4-x13eI6jbCSDU4FPS6DQPcZul7kVXTyThDiDql5W8K2b74cmKSGtixGRBfymuehEhjj6ujQcXUXXzl8h5yrWjegbh-1a52wLaMUgKtyrykYBTpKH-pvc/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 366px; margin-top: 85px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/DELVIN~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_3" width="9" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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DM teofilin 500/1000<o:p></o:p></div>
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DM efedrin 50/150<o:p></o:p></div>
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DM fenobarbital 300/600<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Perhitungan dosis:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Teofilin<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">1X </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 7/(7+12) x 500 = 184,21 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
118/184,21 x 100% = 64%</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Sehari </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
7/19 x 1000 = 368,42 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
708/368,42 x 100% = 192.17% (</span><b style="text-indent: -18pt;">berlebih, turunkan dosis)</b></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Efedrin <o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">1X </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 7/(7+12) x 50 = 18,42 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
24/18,42 x 100% = 130% (</span><b style="text-indent: -18pt;">berlebih,
turunkan dosis)</b></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Sehari </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
7/19 x 150= 55,26 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
144/55,26 x 100% = 260,58% (</span><b style="text-indent: -18pt;">berlebih, turunkan dosis)</b></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fenobarbital <o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">1X </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 7/(7+12) x 300 = 110,52 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
8/110,52 x 100% = 7,24%</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Sehari </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
7/19 x 600 = 221,05 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
48/221,05 x 100% = 21,71%</span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Penimbangan :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Teofilin =
118 mg x 6 = 708 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Efedrin = 24 mg x 6 = 144 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Fenobarbital = 8 mg x 6 =
48 mg</span></li>
<li>Fenobarbital diencerkan <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> 50 mg feno + 50 SL <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> diambil 96 mg
(mengandung 48 mg feno)</li>
<li>Total bobot satu kapsul = 708 + 144 + 96 = 900/6 =150</li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Mixing :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Pastikan timbangan bersih
dan pada posisi nol</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Timbang semua bahan</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Gerus bahan</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Campurkan sesuai dengan jumlah
yang ada di resep</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Tara timbangan dengan
cangkang kapsul</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Timbang kapsul yang sudah
dibuat (kurangi jika berlebih)</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Memukul kapsul untuk
memadatkan isi kapsul.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Pastikan penampilan
estetika kapsul baik</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Kemas kapsul dan beri label</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Label :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Bobot dan Ukuran kapsul<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Volume dan Ukuran kapsul<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Cara Pengisian kapsul menggunakan alat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Cara Penyimpanan Kapsul, disimpan pada tempat atau
ruangan :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Pencatatan Resep<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Tulis jumlah laktosa yang
dimasukkan ke dalam setiap kapsul <o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Tulis nomor Rx, nama
apoteker, tanggal hari, ukuran dan warna kapsul yang digunakan <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Contoh Compounding Suspensi :<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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DM HCT =
100/200<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Perhitungan
dosis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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HCT<o:p></o:p></div>
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<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">1X </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 11/20 x 100 = 55 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
25/55 x 100% = 45,45%</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Sehari </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
11/20 x 200 = 110 mg</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -18pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">% D </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
50/110 x 100% = 45,45%</span></li>
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<b>Penimbangan Bahan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>HCT = 25 mg/5 ml x 60 ml =300 mg<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>MC = 1,5% x 60 ml = 0,9 g<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Na benzoate (pengawet) =
0,2% x 60 = 0,12 g<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Add aquadest 60 ml<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Pencampuran<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Gunakan tablet HCT
50 mg yang ada sebanyak 6 tabet </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;">à</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">
hacurkan dengan triturasi</span></li>
<li>Timbang MC dan Na
benzoate</li>
<li>Campurkan semua
bahan dan tambahkan aquadest sekitar 40 ml</li>
<li>Masukkan kedalam
wadah botol yang sudah ditara</li>
<li>Bilas mortal dengan
sejumlah aquadest sisa dan masukkan ke botol</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Add aquadest sampai tanda batas pada botol</span></li>
</ol>
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<b>Pelabelan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-49864373149266768132015-12-01T21:58:00.001-08:002015-12-01T21:58:53.459-08:00FARMAKOTERAPI OBESITAS<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kelebihan berat
badan (over weight) didefinisikan sebagai kelebihan berat badan relatif
terhadap tinggi. Sebaliknya, obesitas berhubungandengan kondisi tubuh dengan
lemak berlebih yang dinilai oleh berbagai modalitas. Modalitas utama dalam
mendefinisikan kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas adalah indeks massa tubuh
(BMI), yaitu suatu ukuran lemak tubuh berdasarkan tinggi dan berat yang berlaku
untuk laki-laki dewasa dan perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">BMI secara akurat
mengukur lemak tubuh bila dibandingkan dengan berat badan saja. BMI tidak
mencerminkan distribusi lemak tubuh, sehingga pengukuran lingkar pinggang
merupakan metode yang lebih praktis untuk mengevaluasi lemak perut sebelum dan
penurunan berat badan selama pengobatan (Dipiro et al., 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Obesitas merupakan hasil dari ketidakseimbangan antara asupan energi (dalam
bentuk makanan) dan keluaran energi oleh seseorang, sehingga kelebihan asupan
energi akan disimpan dalam tubuh berbentuk jaringan lemak (jaringan adiposa)
(Kumar, 2010). Tingkat obesitas ditentukan oleh lamanya waktu ketidakseimbangan
ini terjadi. Asupan energi dipengaruhi oleh pengaruh lingkungan, termasuk
faktor sosial, perilaku, dan budaya sedangkan pengeluaran energi dipengaruhi
oleh komposisi genetik dan metabolisme (</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #231f20; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dipiro <i>et al</i>., 2008</span><span lang="IN">).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi berat badan untuk orang Asia (WHO,2000)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">IMT (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Resiko Morbiditas</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">< 18,5</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Rendah</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Normal</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">18,5 – 22,9</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Sedang</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Kegemukan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">≥ 23</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">
Pra-obes</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">23 – 24,9</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Meningkat</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">
Obes I</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">25 – 29,9</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Sedang</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">
Obes II</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">≥ 30</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">Berat</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. World
Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology of Diabetes
Mellitus and Health Promotion for Noncommunicable Disease. Melbourne 2000.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lingkar pinggang dan resiko komplikasi metabolik obesitas
pada orang Asia</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 445px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko komplikasi metabolik</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 211.5pt;" valign="top" width="282"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkar pinggang (cm)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-alt: 6.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pria</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-alt: 6.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wanita</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rendah</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">< 90</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">< 80</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkat</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">≥ 90</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">≥ 80</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN"><br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="IN">The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. World
Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology of Diabetes
Mellitus and Health Promotion for Noncommunicable Disease. Melbourne 2000.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Evaluasi
yang dilakukan terhadap pasien obesitas antara lain (Dipiro <i>et al.</i>, 2008):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengukur
tinggi, berat badan, WC dan BMI. Jika BMI >25kg/m<sup>2 </sup>dan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>WC >40inch pada pria dan >35inch pada
wanita maka pasien dapat dikatakan berpotensi dalam menurunkan dan
mempertahankan berat badannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Kemajuan
pengobatan pasien didokumentasikan dalam buku kesehatan sebanyak 1 – 2 kali
sebulan selama 1 – 2 bulan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Pada
pengobatan obesitas yang bersifat kronis terapi pengobatan dilanjutkan setelah
3-4 bulan jika pasien tidak berhasil menurunkan atau mempertahankan berat
badannya </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Terapi farmakologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Orlistat (<i>GI
lipase inhibitor</i>) :</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> long term use. Dosis sehari 360 mg.
mengganggu absorbs vitamin larut lemak dan siklosporin.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sibutramine :</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> long term
use. Dosis sehari 5-15 mg. tidak digunakan pada pasien arteri coronary disease,
congestive heart failure, stroke, aritmia, dan monoamine oxide inhibitor use.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Phentermine :</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> short term
use. Dosis sehari 15-37,5 mg. Digunakan 30 mg pada pagi hari atau 8 mg sebelum
makan. Efek samping : meningkatkan tekanan darah, aritmia, palpitasi,
midriasis, mengubah fungsi insulin, membutuhkan hipoglikemik oral, dan dilarang
pada pasien yang menggunakan monoamine oxide inhibitor.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Dietilpropion :</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> short term
use. Dosis sehari 75 mg. digunakan 25 mg sebelum makan atau 75 mg setiap pagi
hari untuk sediaan extended release. Merupakan penurun nafsu makan
noradrenergic yang paling aman dan dapat digunakan pada pasien hipertensi
ringan hingga sedang. Tetapi tidak dapat digunakan pada pasien hipertensi parah
dan gangguan kardiovaskuler yang signifikan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-40111276511587101452012-11-29T20:42:00.001-08:002012-11-29T20:42:32.261-08:00DISOLUSI OBAT<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Disolusi obat adalah suatu proses pelarutan senyawa aktif
dari bentuk sediaan padat ke dalam media pelarut. Pelarut suatu zat aktif
sangat penting artinya bagi ketersediaan suatu obat sangat tergantung dari
kemampuan zat tersebut melarut ke dalam media pelarut sebelum diserap ke dalam
tubuh. Sediaan obat yang harus diuji
disolusinya adalah bentuk padat atau semi padat, seperti kapsul, tablet atau
salep.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Agar suatu obat diabsorbsi, mula-mula obat tersebut harus
larutan dalam cairan pada tempat absorbsi. Sebagai contoh, suatu obat yang
diberikan secara oral dalam bentuk tablet atau kapsul tidak dapat diabsorbsi
sampai partikel-partikel obat larut dalam cairan pada suatu tempat dalam saluran lambung-usus.
Dalam hal dimana kelarutan suatu obat tergantung dari apakah medium asam atau
medium basa, obat tersebut akan dilarutkan berturut-turut dalam lambung dan
dalam usus halus. Proses melarutnya suatu obat disebut disolusi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Bila suatu tablet atau sediaan obat lainnya dimasukkan
dalam saluran cerna, obat tersebut mulai masuk ke dalam larutan dari bentuk
padatnya. Kalau tablet tersebut tidak dilapisi polimer, matriks padat juga
mengalami disintegrasi menjadi granul-granul, dan granul-granul ini mengalami
pemecahan menjadi partikel-partikel halus. Disintegrasi, deagregasi dan disolusi
bisa berlangsung secara serentak dengan melepasnya suatu obat dari bentuk
dimana obat tersebut diberikan.(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mekanisme disolusi, tidak dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan kimia
atau reaktivitas partikel-partikel padat terlarut ke dalam zat cair, dengan
mengalami dua langkah berturut-turut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Larutan dari zat padat pada permukaan membentuk lapisan tebal yang
tetap atau film disekitar partikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Difusi dari lapisan tersebut pada <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> dari zat cair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Langkah
pertama,. larutan berlangsung sangat singkat. Langka kedua, difusi lebih lambat
dan karena itu adalah langkah terakhir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Difusi
layer model (theori film)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pada waktu suatu partikel obat memngalami disolusi,
molekul-molekul obat pada permukaan mula-mula masuk ke dalam larutan
menciptakan suatu lapisan jenuh obat-larutan yang membungkus permukaan partikel
obat padat. Lapisan larutan ini dikenal sebagai lapisan difusi. Dari lapisan
difusi ini, molekul-molekul obat keluar melewati cairan yang melarut dan
berhubungan dengan membrane biologis serta absorbsi terjadi. Jika
molekul-molekul obat terus meninggalkan larutan difusi, molekul-molekul
tersebut diganti dengan obat yang
dilarutkan dari permukaan partikel obat dan proses absorbsi tersebut berlanjut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jika proses disolusi untuk suatu partikel obat tertentu
adalah cepat, atau jika obat diberikan
sebagai suatu larutan dan tetap
ada dalam tubuh seperti itu, laju obat yang terabsorbsi terutama akan tergantung
pada kesanggupannya menembus menembus
pembatas membran. Tetapi, jika laju disolusi
untuk suatu partikel obat lambat, misalnya mungkin karena karakteristik
zat obat atau bentuk dosis yang diberikan , proses disolusinya sendiri akan
merupakan tahap yang menentukan laju dalam proses absorbsi. Perlahan-lahan obat
yang larut tidak hanya bisa diabsorbsi pada suatu laju rendah, obat-obat
tersebut mungkin tidak seluruhnya diabsorbsi atau dalam beberapa hal banyak
yang tidak diabsorbsi setelah pemberian ora, karena batasan waaktu alamiah
bahwa obat bisa tinggal dalam lambung atau saluran usus halus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 132.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 132.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tim asisten
(2008), “Penuntun Praktikum Farmasi Fisika”, Fakultas Farmasi UNHAS,
Makassar, 35.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ansel,
Howard C., (1985), “Pengantar Bentuk Sediaan Farmasi”, UI Press, Jakarta,
91,92.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 36.0pt left 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Martin, A., et.all., (1993), “ Farmasi Fisika “, Edisi III, Bagian II,
Penerbit UI Jakarta, 827.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 36.0pt left 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Gennaro, A. R., et all., (1990), “ Remingto’s Pharmaceutical
Sciensces “, Edisi 18<sup>th</sup>, Marck Publishing Company, Easton,
Pensylvania, 591.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-2361536361987930852011-11-25T01:49:00.001-08:002011-11-25T01:49:14.633-08:00PENENTUAN KEKENTALAN CAIRAN DENGAN VISKOMETER OSTWALD DAN BOLA JATUH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Percobaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menerangkan arti viskositas dan rheologi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membedahkan cairan newton dan cairan non newton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengunakan alat-alat penentuan viskositas dan rheolog</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menentukan viskositas dan rheologi cairan newton dan non newton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskositas adalah ukuran resistensi zat cair untuk mengalir. Makin besar resistensi suatu zat cair untuk mengalir semakin besar pula viskositasnya. Rheologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari sifat aliran zat cair atau deformasi zat padat. Viskositas mula-mula diselidiki oleh Newton, yaitu dengan mensimulasikan zat cair dalam bentuk tumpukan kartu seperti pada gambar berikut :</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKM2nB6H-B-sUL485i5zYADs7KBALYhS-iaCUZlCnVAsKn-nNP5UojbgSq9vAav_n_tEv_JVmivCQAGYvXbtTTT_lqCjm1fFVLpKb_UbPZ4izh5W2eoPt8BXv6gtFgWNBntqdiHxkFbRg/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKM2nB6H-B-sUL485i5zYADs7KBALYhS-iaCUZlCnVAsKn-nNP5UojbgSq9vAav_n_tEv_JVmivCQAGYvXbtTTT_lqCjm1fFVLpKb_UbPZ4izh5W2eoPt8BXv6gtFgWNBntqdiHxkFbRg/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: 0px;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; text-indent: 0px;">Zat cair diasumsikan terdiri dari lapisan-lapisan molekul yang sejajar satu sama lain.Lapisan terbawah tetap diam, sedangkan lapisan di atasnya bergerak dengan kecepatankonstan,sehingga setiap lapisan akan bergerak dengan kecepatan yang berbanding langsung denganjaraknya terhadap lapisan terbawah yang tetap. Perbedaan kecepatan dv antara dua lapisan yangdipisahkan dengan jarak dx adalah dv/dx atau kecepatan geser (rate of share). Sedangkan gayasatuan luas yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalirkanzat cair tersebut adalah F/A atau tekanan geser (shearing stress)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Newton :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F/A = dv/dx<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F/A = ηdv/dx<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">η = F/Adv/dx<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">η = koefisien viskositas, satuan Poise<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskositas suatu zat dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Viskositas gas meningkat dengan bertambah tingginya suhu, sedangkan viskositas zat cair menurun denganmeningginya suhu. Hubungan antara viskositas dengan suhu tampak pada persamaan Arrhenius :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1yL9PSBERZEIGqevdhyrN3X6MpAkwYE0EG4vAcc42U6Iyf6ESOu0BD-as8CuKuzQMsvWMrTRaqTBEW3s6HFaAfyMxyk8YaWGqlIqVwf0KJtHGpnlOipY3-nV6WMiLM9aEzlsYMX_SyM/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX1yL9PSBERZEIGqevdhyrN3X6MpAkwYE0EG4vAcc42U6Iyf6ESOu0BD-as8CuKuzQMsvWMrTRaqTBEW3s6HFaAfyMxyk8YaWGqlIqVwf0KJtHGpnlOipY3-nV6WMiLM9aEzlsYMX_SyM/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">A</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">: konstanta yang tergantung pada berat molekul dan volume molar zat cair</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ev : energi aktivasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R : konstanta gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T : suhu mutlak <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir seluruh sistem dispersi termasuk sediaan-sediaan farmasi yang berbentuk emulsi,suspense, dan sediaan setengah padat tidak mengikuti hukum Newton. Viskosita cairan semacamini bervariasi pada setiap kecepatan geser, sehingga untuk mengetahui sifat alirannya dilakukan pengukuran pada beberapa kecepatan geser. Untuk menentukan viskositasnya diper-gunakan viscometer rotasi Stormer. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan grafik sifat alirannya (rheogram), cairan non Newton terbagi dalam dua kelompok, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Cairan yang sifat alirannya tidak dipengaruhi waktu.Kelompok ini terbagi atas tiga jenis, yakni :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Aliran plastik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Aliran pseudoplastik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Aliran dilatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Cairan yang sifat alirannya dipengaruhi oleh waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok ini terbagi atas tiga jenis, yakni :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Tiksotropik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Antitiksotropik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Rheopeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> peralatan yang digunakan untuk mengukur viskosita dan rheologi suatu zat cair disebut viskometer. Ada dua jenis viskometer, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskosimeter Satu Titik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskosimeter ini bekerja pada titik kecepatan geser, sehingga hanya dihasilkan satu titik pada rheogram. Ekstrapolasi dari titik tersebut ke titik nol akan menghasilkan garislurus. Alat ini hanya dapat digunakan untuk menentukan viskositas cairan Newton.Yang termasuk dalam jenis ini misalnya viskosimeter kapiler, bola jatuh, penetrometer, plastometer ,dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskosimeter Banyak Titik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan viskosimeter ini dapat dilakukan pengukuran pada beberapa harga kecepatangeser sehingga diperoleh rheogram yang sempurna. Viskosimeter jenis ini dapat jugadigunakan baik untuk menentukan viskositas dan rheologi cairan Newton maupun nonNewton. Yang termasuk ke dalam jenis viskosimeter ini adalah viskosimeter rotasi tipeStormer, Brookfield, Rotovico, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Cairan yang mengikuti hukum Newton, viskositasnya tetap pada suhu dan tekanan tertentu dan tidak tergantung pada kecepatan geser. Oleh karena itu, vis-kositanya cukup ditentukan pada satu kecepatan geser. Viskometer yang dapat dipergunakan untuk keperluan itu adalah viskometer kapiler atau bola jatuh. Apabila digambarkan antara kecepatan geser terhadap tekanan geser, maka diperoleh grafik garis lurus melalui titik nol seperti gambar grafik dibawahini. Contoh cairan Newton adalah minyak jarak, kloroform, gliserin, minyak zaitun, dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Viskometer</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">bola</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">jatuh</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">merupakan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">viskosimeter</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">satu</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">titik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">yang</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">digunakan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">untuk menentukan viskosita cairan newton. Viskosimeter ini bekerja pada satu titik kecepatan geser, sehingga hanya dihasilkan satu titik pada rheogram. Pada viskometer ini sampel</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">dan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">bola</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">diletakkan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">dalam</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">tabung</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">gelas</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">dan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">dibiarkan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">mencapai</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">temperatur keseimbangan dengan air yang berada dalam jaket di sekelilingnya pada temperatur konstan. Tabung dan jaket air tersebut kemudian dibalik, yang akan menyebabkan bola berada padapuncak tabung gelas dalam. Waktu bagi bola tersebut untuk jatuh antara dua tanda diukur dengan teliti dan diulangi beberapa kali.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip kerja dari viskometer bola jatuh adalah mengukur kecepatan bola jatuh melalui cairan dalam tabung pada suhu tetap. Viskometer Hoeppler, seperti terlihat pada Gambar, merupakan alat yang ada dalam perdagangan berdasarkan pada prinsip ini. Pada viskosimeter Hoeppler tabungnya dipasang miring sehingga kecepatan bola jatuh akan berkurang sehingga pengukuran dapat dilakukan lebih teliti. Viskometer ini cocok digunakan untuk cairan yang mempunyai viskositas yang sukar diukur dengan viskosimeter kapiler.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, viskositas cairan dapat dihitung dengan persamaan stokes yaitu : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">η = 2r<sup>2</sup>(ρ<sub>1</sub>-ρ<sub>2</sub>)g/9v<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan : r = jari-jari bola (cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ρ<sub> 1</sub>= bobot jenis bola<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ρ <sub>2</sub>= bobot jenis cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g = gaya gravitasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v = kecepatan bola (cm.detik <sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan diatas dapat disederhanakan menjadi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">η= B(ρ<sub>1</sub>-ρ<sub>2</sub>)t<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan : B = konstanta bola<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T = waktu tempuh boal jatuh(detik) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.4pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskometer ostwald<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Piknometer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Timbangan analitik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelas ukur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.45pt;" valign="top" width="290"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Propilen glikol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aquadest<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gliserin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penetuan Kekentalan Cairan Dengan Viskometer Ostwald</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskometer dibersikan dan dikeringkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan yang akan ditentukan kekentalanya di masukan melalui pipa a sampai ruang r penuh terisi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan dihisap melalui pipa b sampai naik melewati garis m<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan dibiarkan turun sampai garis n<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat waktu yang dibutukan cairan untuk mengalir dari garis m ke n<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan 3 kali pengulangan data<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan Kekentalan Cairan Dengan Viskometer Bola Jatuh<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasang Alat Dan Perangkat Pada Posisi Yang Tara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung Gelas Disi Dengan Cairan Yang Akan Ditentukan Kekentalanna ,Kemudian Tutup Tabung Dengan Hati-Hati Dan Jangan Sampai Terdapat Gelembung Udara Di Dalamnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukan Bola Yang Sesuai Dan Apabila Bola Suda Turun Melampaui Garis Awal,Kembalikan Bola Pada Posisi Semula Dengan Car Membalikan Tabung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat Waktu Tempuh Bola Melalui Tabung Mulai Garis Awal Sampai Garis Akhir Dalam Detik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan Bobot Jenis / Kerapatan Dengan Piknometer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung Kekentalan Cairan Dengan Persamaan : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ɳ = t (sb – sr)B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Keterangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ɳ = kekentalan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> t = waktu bola jatuh (dtk)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> sb = kerapatan bola yang digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> sr = kerapatan cairan sampel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> B = konstanta bola<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Percobaan dan Perhitungan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengolahan data<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan Kerapatan Cairan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno Kosong (W<sub>1</sub>) : 15,4420 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Air (W<sub>2</sub>) : 40,6014 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Sample-Air (W<sub>3</sub>) : 40,6014 g<br />
Bobot Air : 25,1594 g<br />
Kerapatan Air (ρ) : <br />
<u>W<sub>3</sub>-W<sub>1</sub></u> = <u>40,6014 - 15,4420 </u> = <u>25.1594</u> = 1 g/mol<br />
W<sub>2</sub>-W<sub>1</sub> 40,6014 - 15,4420 25.1594<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno Kosong (W<sub>1</sub>) : 14,2575 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Air (W<sub>2</sub>) : 39,3293 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Gliserin (W<sub>3</sub>) : 45,7398 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Gliserin : 31,4823 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerapatan Gliserin (ρ) :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W<sub>3</sub>-W<sub>1</sub></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> = <u>45,7398 - 14,2575 </u> = <u>31,4823</u> = 1,2557 g/mol<br />
W<sub>2</sub>-W<sub>1</sub> 39,3293 - 14,2575 25,0718<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Propilen Glikol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno Kosong (W<sub>1</sub>) : 15,3077 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Air (W<sub>2</sub>) : 40,4184 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Propilenglikol (W<sub>3</sub>) : 41,4128 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Propilenglikol : 31,4823 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerapatan Propilen Glikol (ρ) :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W<sub>3</sub>-W<sub>1</sub></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> = <u>41,4128 - 15,3077 </u> = <u>31,4823</u> = 1,2537 g/mol<br />
W<sub>2</sub>-W<sub>1</sub> 40,4184 - 15,3077 25,1107<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno Kosong (W<sub>1</sub>) : 15,4420 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Air (W<sub>2</sub>) : 40,6014 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Pikno + Alkohol (W<sub>3</sub>) : 35,6724 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bobot Alkohol : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerapatan Alkohol (ρ) :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W<sub>3</sub>-W<sub>1</sub></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> = <u>35,6724 - 15,4420 </u> = <u>20,2304</u> = 0,8041 g/mol<br />
W<sub>2</sub>-W<sub>1 </sub> 40,6014 - 15,4420 25.1594<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penentuan Nilai Viskositas<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 336.2pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu <o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Percobaan 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Percobaan 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Percobaan 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rata-Rata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,4 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,4 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,4 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,4 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4,14 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4,31 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4,16 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4,20 Menit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">26,32 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">26,72 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">26,78 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">26,61 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Propilen Glikol<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,9 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,82 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.7pt;" valign="top" width="101"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,88 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,87 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskometer Ostwald</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ρ</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e"
filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:107.25pt;margin-top:.15pt;width:48.75pt;
height:0;z-index:4' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 142px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 67px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/ELVINO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="67" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ρ</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2<o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diketahui :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air : 0,89 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipient, 6th edition)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskositas Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:131.25pt;
margin-top:17.9pt;width:83.25pt;height:0;z-index:6' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 174px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 113px; z-index: 6;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/ELVINO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="113" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ρ</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> , 0,89 cp = 2,4 x 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:72.75pt;
margin-top:.15pt;width:48.75pt;height:0;z-index:5' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 5;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 96px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 67px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/ELVINO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="67" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ρ</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 4,20 x 0,8041<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:94.5pt;
margin-top:15.85pt;width:112.5pt;height:0;z-index:7' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 152px; z-index: 7;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/ELVINO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="152" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 4,20 x 0,8041x 0,89 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 2,4 x 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 1,25 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskometer Bola Jatuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 640px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Order No.-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ball No.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Made of<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Density<br />
(ρ)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
g/cm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diameter of the ball<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
mm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Constant K (approx.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mPa s cm<sup>3</sup>/ g s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Recomm, Measuring range<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mPa s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0002<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Boron silica glass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15,81 <u>+</u> 0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,6 - 10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Boron silica glass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2,2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15,6 <u>+</u> 0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7 - 130<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nickel iron alloy<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15,6 <u>+</u> 0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,09<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">30 - 700<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nickel iron alloy<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">15,2 <u>+</u> 0,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">200 - 4800<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0006<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W.-No. 4034<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7,7-8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">14,0 <u>+</u> 0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800 -10000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">800-0007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.2pt;" valign="top" width="136"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">W.-No. 4034<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7,7-8,1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11,0 <u>+</u> 1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">33<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6000-75000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Tabel 1 . Tabel Data Pemilihan Bola pada Viskometer Bola Jatuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumus Perhitungan Viskositas :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= t (Sb-Sr) B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskositas Gliserin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= t (Sb-Sr) B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 26,61 (7,7 - 1,2557) 4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 771,67 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskositas Propilen Glikol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= t (Sb-Sr) B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 1,87 (7,7 - 1,2537) 4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">η </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">= 54,83 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Data literatur (Sumber : Handbook of Excipient)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Viskositas air : 0,89 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rho gliseirn : 1, 2626 g/cm3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rho propilenglikol : 1,038 g/cm3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Visko p : 58,1 cp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada percobaan kali ini, kita akan menentukan viskositas suatu cairan menggunakan viskometer. Cairan yang kita tentukan nilai viskositasnya adalah alkohol, gliserin, dan propilen glikol. Sebagaimana yang kita ketahui alkohol, gliserin, dan propilrn glikol memiliki hukum aliran yang mengikuti hukum Newton. Untuk menentukan viskositas suatu cairan yang mengikuti hukum newton, kita dapat menggunakan alat viskometer yang disebut dengan viskometer Ostwald dan viskometer Bola Jatuh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk menentukan viskositas alkohol dapat digunakan viskometer Ostwald. Sedangkan untuk menentukan viskositas gliserin dan propilen glikol menggunakan viskometer Bola Jatuh. Hal ini dikarenakan gliserin dan propilen glikol lebih kental daripada alkohol, sehingga jika digunakan viskometer Ostwald akan membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama untuk dapat mengalir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip kerja viskometer Ostwald ini adalah suatu cairan dihitung waktu tempuhnya dari garis m ke garis n. Setelah itu dihitung viskositasnya dengan membandingkan dengan air yang telah diketahui viskositasnya yaitu 1. Sedangkan prinsip kerja dari viskometer bola jatuh adalah mengukur kecepatan bola jatuh melalui cairan dalam tabung pada suhu tetap. Pada viskosimeter Bola Jatuh tabungnya dipasang miring sehingga kecepatan bola jatuh akan berkurang sehingga pengukuran dapat dilakukan lebih teliti. Viskometer ini cocok digunakan untuk cairan yang mempunyai viskositas yang sukar diukur dengan viskosimeter Ostwald.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghitung nilai viskositas masing-masing cairan, harus dicari terlebih dahulu kerapatannya. Dari data hasil percobaan didapat bahwa kerapatan masing-,asing cairan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">0,8041 g/mol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gliserin = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,2557 g/mol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Propilen glikol = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,2537 g/mol. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdapat sedikit perbedaan nilai kerapatan masing-masing cairan hasil percobaan dibandingkan dengan yang ada pada literatur. Hal ini juga dapat berpengaruh pada nilai viskositas hasil perhitungan. Perbedaan ini mungkin disebabkan kurang telitinya praktikan pada saat penimbangan pikometer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data hasil percobaan diperoleh nilai viskositas masing-masing cairan adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,25 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gliserin </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">771,67 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Propilen glikol </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">54,83 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa cairan yang memiliki nilai viskositas paling besar adalah gliserin dan cairan yang memiliki nilai viskositas paling kecil adalah alkohol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data pengamatan dan pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alkohol, gliserin, dan propilen glikol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> merupakan cairan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang megikuti hukum </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">newton.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk menentukan viskositas cairan yang mengikuti hukum Newton digunakan viskometer satu titik, misalnya viskometer Ostwald, viskometer bola jatuh, dan lain sebagainya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk menentukan nilai viskositas alkohol dapat digunakan Viskometer Ostwald.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk menentukan nilai viskositas gliserin dan propilen glikol dapat digunakan Viskometer Bola Jatuh.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip kerja viskometer ostwald ini adalah suatu cairan dihitung waktu tempuhnya dari garis m ke garis n.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prinsip kerja dari viskometer bola jatuh adalah mengukur kecepatan bola jatuh melalui cairan dalam tabung pada suhu tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diperoleh nilai viskositas hasil percobaan masing-masing cairan sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1,25 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gliserin </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">771,67 cp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Propilen glikol </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">54,83 cp</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim a. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. Jakarta : Departemen kesehatan RI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim b. 1995. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV. Jakarta : Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Handbook Of Pharmaceutical Exipent <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Martin, Alferd., Swarbick, James & cammarata, Arthur.1993.Farmasi Fisik Dasar-Dasar dalam Ilmu Farmasetik.UI Press:Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-29412376286503647202011-11-12T04:06:00.000-08:002011-11-12T04:06:08.582-08:00KEMOTERAPI PENYAKIT VIRUS<div class="Section1"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> K</o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">adang-kadang ada pertimbangan bahwa hubungan yang erat antara proses metabolisme sel </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">yang diperlukan untuk perkembang biakan virus dan yang diperlukan untuk kelangsungan hidup sel-sel vertebrata menyebabkan kita tidak perlu mencari obat-obat anti virus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Tetapi sekarang ada sejumlah zat kimia yang menghambat <i>replikasi virus lebih kuat </i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">daripada penghambatannya kepada metabolisme sel pejamu, karena daya kerjanya pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">sintesis atau fungsi enzim atau asam nukleat virus. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Hanya sedikit diantaranya yang dapat </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">dipakai di dalam pengobatan, <i>misalnya:</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 50.05pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">(1) </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">Nukleosida pirimidin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 50.05pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(2) Metisazon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 50.05pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">(3) Amantadin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Ketiga zat ini hanya mempunyai sedikit sekali pengaruh terhadap angka penyakit dan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">angka kematian penyakit virus.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Permasalahan kemoterapi anti<b> </b>virus:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Ada tiga persoalan utama pada efektivitas kemoterapi anti virus, yaitu:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.7pt; margin-left: 26.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 50.4pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(i) </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Virus sangat tergantung kepada metabolisme sel pejamu.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 23.4pt; tab-stops: 50.4pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(ii) </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Fakta bahwa produksi virus sudah sangat lanjut pada saat gejala-gejala timbul.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 20.9pt; tab-stops: 50.4pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">(iii) </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Timbulnya mutan yang kebal terhadap obat.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 195.1pt; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Semua zat yang menghambat replikasi virus juga mengganggu proses di dalam sel<br />
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -1pt;">pejamu, misalnya: </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -27.35pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">(a) Puromisin </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">dan <i>sikloheksimid </i>menghambat sintesis protein virus maupun sel </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">pejamu.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 23.75pt;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">(b) Fluorodeoksiuridin </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">atau <i>sitosin arabinosida </i>menghambat sintesis DNA</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 23.4pt;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(c) Aktomisin </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">D menghambat sintesis RNA yang tergantung dari DNA.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Pada konsentrasi virostatik zat-zat tersebut bersifat toksis untuk sel normal. Zat-zat ini </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">merupakan obat yang berbahaya sehingga tidak dapat dipakai untuk pengobatan pada <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">manusia kecuali <i>iododeoksiuridin </i>(obat toksis) yang dipakai secara topikal untuk mengobati </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">infeksi setempat misalnya Herpes Simplex pada kornea.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Zat antivirus ideal harus menghambat produksi virus tanpa mengakibatkan kerusakan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">pada sel yang tak terinfeksi. Tetapi ada 4 tempat penting yang secara teoritis peka terhadap </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">serangan obat anti virus:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(1) Perlekatan virus yang tergantung pada interaksi dari tiap-tiap kelompok zat kimia yang khas terhadap permukaan sel.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 51.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">(2) Transaksi mRNA dari DNA virus deoksiribosa memerlukan polimerase RNA khas virus yang tergantung pada DNA sedangkan virus RNA menggunakan <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">polimerasa khas virus.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(3) Molekul mRNA virus dasarnya berbeda dari RNA sel mamalia.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(4) Virus mengkodekan enzim yang penting untuk replikasi asam nukleat virus tetapi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">tidak ada kaitannya dengan sel pejamu. Enzim-enzim ini hanya dibuat pada sel <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">yang terinfeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiveb5nrb9KH8GYfv66dafXczLm2Qshh9Gvl9HQYFAeuQvBD7rGi93g0uR5uC3nFX3p8HHfUKqr11Q4_vG7Tu__LeZhc0i_0491fCrupc6WO-LrR2KVJ_MpnKEGpoV7GyedyBIorlfqs7E/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiveb5nrb9KH8GYfv66dafXczLm2Qshh9Gvl9HQYFAeuQvBD7rGi93g0uR5uC3nFX3p8HHfUKqr11Q4_vG7Tu__LeZhc0i_0491fCrupc6WO-LrR2KVJ_MpnKEGpoV7GyedyBIorlfqs7E/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.45pt; tab-stops: 390.6pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Pendekatan rasional untuk mencari obat-obat anti virus: ,</span></b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Pendekatan dengan cara seperti pada penemuan obat-obat anti bakteri tidak memberikan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">hasil yang memuaskan pada pencarian obat-obat anti virus. Pendekatan yang rasional </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">seharusnya berdasarkan penelitian tentang zat-zat yang dapat menghambat reaksi biokimiawi </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">yang khas pada perkembangbiakan virus.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Perlekatan dan penetrasi.</span></b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Perlu dicari pasangan reseptor yang khas pada permukaan virus dan permukaan sel. Obat </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">anti virus yang efektif harus dapat bekerja pada reseptor atau sel dan dapat mencegah infeksi, </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">contohnya neuramidasa dapat merusak reseptor glikoprotein pada paru-paru mencit dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">akibatnya sel-sel tersebut kebal terhadap infeksi virus influenza sampai timbulnya reseptor </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">baru beberapa jam kemudian. Amantadin dan turunannya tidak menghambat perlekatan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">virus tetapi memiliki efek pada penetrasi virus ke dalam sel.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"> </span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.8pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -1.1pt;">INTERFERON:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.45pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Zat ini ialah obat kemoterapi anti virus yang ideal untuk mengobati manusia karena <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">merupakan produk alamiah, tidak toksis, tidak menimbulkan alergi dan aktif terhadap ber-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">bagai jenis virus.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.45pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 4.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.95pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Pada kelinci dan mencit didapatkan hasil terhadap penyakit virus lokal dan sistemik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(1) Lebih baik hasilnya untuk <i>profilaksis </i>daripada untuk terapi</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 24.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">(2) Perlu <i>dosis lebih tinggi </i>jika virus yang ada lebih banyak</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 53.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(3) Pemakaian <i>topikal interferon </i>pada mata, kulit atau saluran napas lebih mem-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">berikan hasil positif dari pada pemakaian sistemik</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Hasil ini belum dapat dicapai pada manusia. Interferon manusia (dengan dosis lebih </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">tinggi) dengan semprotan selama 24 jam tidak dapat mencegah infeksi virus influenza B.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Tetapi jika diberikan interferon mulai satu hari sebelum dipaparkan kepada rhinovirus </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">tipe 4, sampai 3 hari berikutnya, timbul efek:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(1) Gejalanya berkurang.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 25.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">(2) Berkurangnya virus yang ada</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 1.45pt; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Jenis fibroblas janin manusia strain diploid (misalnya WI—38) dapat memberikan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">penyediaan sel-sel pembuat interferon yang adekuat. Untuk memurnikan interferon perlu dilakukan inaktivasi virus yang dipakai sebagai perangsang pembentukan interferon. Sel </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">fibroblas kulit manusia yang dirangsang dengan poli-I dan pola-C dapat membuat interferon </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">kira-kira sekali dalam 24 jam selama 5 jam, sel-sel ini dapat dipakai untuk mcmperoleh </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">interferon manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Polinuldeotida sintetis dan penginduksi interferon lainnya:</span></b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 3.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Kadar interferon pada manusia sesudah terjadi infeksi alamiah atau perangsangan buatan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">hanya rendah saja dibandingkan dengan yang ditemukan pada mencit tetapi kadar yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">rendah ini cukup memberikan perlindungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.5pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 4.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Zat kimia sintetis lebih disukai untuk dipakai merangsang pembentukan interferon diban</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">dingkan dengan virus hidup yang dilemahkan, misalnya polinukleotida (Poly I dan Poly C).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.1pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">Poly </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">(I) <b>dan Poly </b>(C):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Pada manusia zat ini dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap berbagai jenis infeksi virus. Jika diberikan secara intramuskuler satu hari sebelum infeksi sampai 4 hari setelah terpapar </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">infeksi rhinovirus tipe 13 yang juga diberikan dengan cara yang sama, akan menyebabkan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">jumlah virion berkembang dan juga gejala-gejala batuk pileknya pun lebih ringan. Pemberian </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">secara topikal pada saluran napas cukup memberikan harapan tanpa adanya efek samping.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-right: .7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Kelemahannya—Pemberian sistemik obat ini merupakan kontraindikasi kecuali pada penyakit berat, karena efek samping pada sistem hemopoiesis dan fungsi hati. Sesudah <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pemberian satu dosis, binatang percobaan menjadi refrakter sementara terhadap dosis kedua </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">perangsang interferon. Hal ini juga terjadi pada semua jenis perangsang interferon.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 7.2pt; tab-stops: 314.65pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Penelitian terakhir _</span></b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 3.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Bertujuan untuk membuat polinukleotida baru dengan daya anti virus yang lebih tinggi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">dengan toksisitas yang lebih rendah terhadap menusia misalnya: N-N dioktadesil N', N bis (2 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">hidroksietil) propanediamin diberikan sebagai emulsi minyak dalam air secara intranasal, <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">akan menginduksi pembuatan interferon dalam dosis tinggi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Interferon dapat dipakai untuk pengobatan penyakit virus akut yang membahayakan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">kelangsungan hidup seseorang. Dosis yang dianjurkan ialah 5 juta unit secara intramuskuler </span>tiap hari selama satu minggu (Hepatitis B), 5 juta unit tiga kali seminggu selama 10 bulan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(papilomatosis) dan satu juta unit intramuskuler selama 3 hari pada ensefalitis varisela.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"></span></span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.9pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">ZAT-ZAT </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">ANTIVIRUS:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">I. Turunan Nukleosida:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 46.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 352.8pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">(a) <b>Nukleosida berhalogen: </b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 73.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(i) Pirimidin berhalogen merupakan penghambat sintesis DNA sel. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">(ii) 5-iodo deoksi uridin yang dipergunakan secara topikal pada kerato-<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">konjungtivis atau ulkus dendritis akibat infeksi virus Herpes simplex.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 126.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">— Larutan iododeoksiuridin 5% di dalam larutan dimctil sulfoksida </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">dipergunakan pada Herpes labialis meningkatkan penetrasi obat ini.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 127.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">— Pernah diberikan secara sistemik pada ensefalitis Herpes simplex </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">tetapi hasilnya belum dipastikan. Zat ini dapat merangsang <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">mutasi, sebab itu sebaiknya tidak diberikan secara parenteral.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.4pt; tab-stops: 78.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 47.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(b) <b>Analog timidm:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Irifluorotimidin lebih unggul dari iododeoksiuridin untuk infeksi Herpes <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">simplex pada sel-sel tubuh manusia.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 26.65pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">II. Arabinofuranosil nukleosida:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: .7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Lebih berguna daripada nukleosida berhalogen pada pengobatan manusia. Zat ini </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">mengacaukan sintesis DNA sel pejamu maupun virus, akan tetapi indeks <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">kemoterapinya jauh lebih tinggi.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sitosin arabinosida (Ara-C) mempunyai spektrum antivirus yang mirip dengan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">iododeoksiuridin, efeknya sama baiknya terhadap infeksi herpes dan vaksinia <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">terutama keratitis pada manusia dan binatang.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.15pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 6.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Zat-zat yang baru dibuat adenin arabinosida dan 9 B-D rabinofuran osiladenin </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">(Ara-A) memiliki index kemoterapi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Ara-C </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">atau iododeoksiuridin terhadap virus herpes dan vaksinia.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">III. Tiosemikarbazon:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 52.55pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: .35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">I-metilisatin /Miosemikarbazon (metisazon) menghambat perkembangbiakan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">virus cacar. Zat ini bereaksi dengan protein virus atau sel sehingga menghambat </span>transaksi RNA virus akhir. Zat ini mungkin dapat berperan dalam pengobatan <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">komplikasi vaksinasi cacar misalnya eczema vaccinatum dan vaccina gangrenosa. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Obat ini tidak dapat menggantikan vaksinasi cacar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">IV. Amantadin:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.3pt; margin-right: 1.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I-amantanamin hidroklorida mencegah perkembangbiakan virus influenza-A pada </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">stadium penetrasi atau penelanjangan. Efisiensi dan keamanannya pada manusia </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">dianggap kontroversial. Zat ini sekarang hanya berguna untuk pencegahan saja. <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Tidak efektif sesudah terjadi infeksi. I-metil spiromaleat diduga lebih memberikan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">harapan pada penelitian klinis awal.</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 24.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">V. Beberapa senyawaan lain yang cukup potensial:</span></b><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 7.2pt;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Turunan rifamisin</span></b><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rifamisin menghambat sintesis RNA kuman dengan mengikatkan diri pada polimerasa RNA </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">yang tergantung DNA Pada polimerasa mamalia tidak terlihat efek seperti ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 1.8pt; margin-top: 5.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Penelitian-penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa rifamisin telah menghambat enzim "reverse transcriptase" retrovirus pada kadar yang lebih rendah daripada yang diperlukan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">untuk menghambat polimerase DNA yang tergantung DNA.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Benzimidin:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 1.45pt; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">Turunan 2 ( a -hidroksi benzil) benzimidazol yang juga disebut HBB menghambat perkem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">bangbiakan virus picorna khususnya virus Coxsackie B dan ECHO virus dalam kadar yang tidak merusak sel biakan jaringan tetapi secara in vivo hasilnya tidak memuaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Guanidin hidroklorida juga bersifat demikian. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Kekurangannya ialah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(1) Ketergantungan obat (2) Kekebalan terhadap obat.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-34124839758679623352011-11-12T04:01:00.000-08:002011-11-12T04:01:19.737-08:00TINEA IMBRIKATA<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Infeksi jamur supcrfisial yang menyerang kulit dengan gambaran khas berupa skuama kasar yang tersusun konsentris, sehingga tampak seperti atap genting.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"> Penyebab <i>Trichophyton concentricum</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Umur; semua umur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Jenis kelamin; tidakberbcda pada pria danwanita</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Bangsa/ras; dapat menyerang semua ras.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Dacrah.; banyak di daerah tropis.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Musim/iklim; iklim panas mempermudah perkembangan</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Kebersihan : kebersihan mempengaruhi infcksi <i>T. concentricum.</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Keturunan : tidak berpengaruh. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Lingkungan : lembab dan panas mempengaruhi penye-</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">baran.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Perjalanan penyakit termasuk keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Tinea imbrikata biasanya menyerang seluruh permukaan kulit berupa lingkaran-lingkaran yang bersisik kasar dan tampak menyerupai ling-karan-lingkaran bermata satu (polisiklis). Sisik-sisik mclingkar yang sa-tu menutup yang lain seperti lapisan genting, dapat disertai perasaan yang sangat gatal.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Lokalisasi : </span></i><span lang="SV">Biasanya seluruh tubuh.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Efloresensi/sifat- : </span></i><span lang="SV">Makula berwarna seperti kulit normal, ber-<i>sifatnya </i>bentuk lingkaran dan ditutupi sisik-sisik kasar, atau bcbcrapa lingkaran dapat mcnyalu (polisiklis); skuama saling menindih seperti susunan atap genting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Diagnosa</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">1. Kerokan kulit dengan KOH 10%, dipanasi sebentar tidak sampai mendidih. Dapat ditemukan hifa, miselium, dan spora.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">2. Biakan skuama pada media Sabouraud, menghasilkan koloni ragi.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Gambaran klinik yang khas ini, tidak ditemukan pada penyakit lain sehingga memudahkan diagnosis pasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penatalaksanaan</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Sistemik : </span></i><span lang="SV">Griseofulvin 0,5 g selama l-2bulan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Topikal : </span></i><span lang="SV">Keratolitik kuat yang bersifat fungisid antara lain:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">krisarobin 5%, sulfur 5% atau asam salisilat 5%. G <i>Castellani'spaint </i>G Salep Whitfield 2 kali sehari G Antimikotik golongan imidazol mempunyai khasiat baik.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Seringkali resisten terhadap pengobatan dan sering kambuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLkcMP1dGJCJ0ZLaGS19noDx8UWvwgqywgpkZxs7BWCWRUP577fuVDo3YMHh_cCmBgxOh1IKv1IXq_9_5Ikg_LNTtkh4yHCZ1iq2GJYHKsYK3rWsP6tyluzyNoQq8UKz6Xf5wb-CjYF0/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLkcMP1dGJCJ0ZLaGS19noDx8UWvwgqywgpkZxs7BWCWRUP577fuVDo3YMHh_cCmBgxOh1IKv1IXq_9_5Ikg_LNTtkh4yHCZ1iq2GJYHKsYK3rWsP6tyluzyNoQq8UKz6Xf5wb-CjYF0/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV"><br />
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</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-19341130033275316842011-11-12T03:55:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:55:27.806-08:00TINEA KORPORIS<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penyakit kulit yang disebabkan jamur superfisial golongan derma-tofita, menyerang daerah kulit tak berambut pada wajah, badan, lengan dan tungkai.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penyebab : Golongan jamur dermatofita, yang tersering adalah <i>Epidermophyton floccosum </i>atau J. <i>rubrum.</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Umur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Semua umur, tetapi lebih sering menyerang</span><span lang="SV"> orang dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Jenis kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Menyerang pria dan wanita<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Daerah /Musim/iklim<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penyakit ini tersebar di seluruh dunia.Terutama pada daerah tropis.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Insiden meningkat pada kelembaban udara</span><span lang="SV"> yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Kebersihan Sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap perkem-</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">bangan penyakit ini.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Yang kotor/kebersihan lingkungan mempengaruhi kebersihan perorangan da lam perkembangan penyakit pada kulit manusia.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Perjalanan penyakit termasuk keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan:</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Gejala subjektif : Keluhan gatal, terutama bila berke-</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">ringat. Gejala objektif : Makula hiperpigmentasi dengan tepi</span><span lang="SV"> yang lebih aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Oleh karcna gatal dan digaruk, lesi akan makin meluas, terutama pada daerah kulit yang lembab.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">LokalLsasi : </span></i><span lang="SV">Wajah, anggota gcrak alas dan bawah, dada, punggung.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Efloresensi/sifat- : </span></i><span lang="SV">Lesi berbentuk makula/plak yang merah/ <i>sifatnya </i>hiperpigmentasi dengan tepi aktif dan pe-nyembuhan sentral. Pada tepi lesi dijumpai papel-papel eritematosa atau vesikel. Pada perjalanan penyakit yang kronik dapat dijumpai likenifikasi. </span><span lang="EN-US">Gambaran lesi dapat po-lisiklis, anular atau geografis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdfOBZpgQWSFPRcVJQHOmlhwqykSsWWNaIm966mGucEMfqplzqwJ9ty2WzWDwGRZlqS9faXPah4L9OUjZKdM8-gaEwukooiIbMYv3UgP0hX4pBjEu_967Uk0-XWFF1PQp7DWRkci9uWUc/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdfOBZpgQWSFPRcVJQHOmlhwqykSsWWNaIm966mGucEMfqplzqwJ9ty2WzWDwGRZlqS9faXPah4L9OUjZKdM8-gaEwukooiIbMYv3UgP0hX4pBjEu_967Uk0-XWFF1PQp7DWRkci9uWUc/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6I0YDykQjSDlJQ1-VDTmcEZCPzWkr2ZQCY0W0_nI7j4QlhzbrUuGPYKijxIKZI8R7zLdIKQUwqjLjhB2Py5ayxL5FkygV8cJPRU0UL5p_5n5U4GuE9SECMhPPVzC063pwzGQtVN3TX8/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu6I0YDykQjSDlJQ1-VDTmcEZCPzWkr2ZQCY0W0_nI7j4QlhzbrUuGPYKijxIKZI8R7zLdIKQUwqjLjhB2Py5ayxL5FkygV8cJPRU0UL5p_5n5U4GuE9SECMhPPVzC063pwzGQtVN3TX8/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Penatalaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Umum : Omeningkatkankebersihanbadan</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> menghindari pakaian yang tak menyerap keringat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Khusus : <i>Sistemik : </i>G antihistamin</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> griseofulvin, anak-anak: 15-20 mg/kg</span><span lang="SV"> BB/hari; dewasa : 500-1.000 mg per hari. <i>Topikal :-</i> salep Whitfield<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -campuran asam salisilat 5%, asamben-zoat 10% dan resorsinol 5% dalam spi-ritus</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> <i>Castellani'spaint </i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -asam undesilenat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -tolnaftat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -imidazol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -ketokonazol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> -piroksolaminsiklik.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-71361715141859791562011-11-12T03:52:00.001-08:002011-11-12T03:52:27.565-08:00TINEA BARBAE & SIKOSIS BARBAE<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Adalah bentuk infeksi jamur dermatofita pada dacrah dagu/jenggot 'ang menyerang kulit dan folikel rambut.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penyebab <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Biasanya oleh golongan <i>Trichophyton </i>dan</span><span lang="SV"> <i>Microsporum</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Umur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">selalu pada orang dewasa, tak pernah pada</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">anak-anak</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Jenis kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Biasanya pada pria dewasa.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Dapat mengenai bangsa apa saja, tapi lebih</span><span lang="SV"> seringpada kulit putih Bangsa/ras<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Daerah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">dacrah tropis dengan kelembaban tinggi</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Kebersihan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Banyak pada orang-orang dengan higiene</span><span lang="SV"> kurang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Lingkungan</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Yang kotor merupakan faktor yang memper-</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">mudah infeksi.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Perjalanan penyakit termasuk keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penderita biasanya mengeluh gatal dan pedih pada dacrah yang terkena, iscrtai bintik-bintik kemerahan yang terkadang bernanah.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Lokalisasi : <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">Biasanya pada daerah dagu/jenggot, tapi da-pat menyebar ke wajah dan leher.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Efloresensi/sifat- :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">Rambut daerah yang terkena menjadi rapuh <i>sifatnya </i>dan tidak mengkilat, tampak reaksi radang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">pada folikel berupa kemerahan, edema, ka-dang-kadang ada pustula.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Pada batang dan folikel rambut terkadang tampak organisme, tetapi jarang pada lesi yang lebih dalani. Pada keadaan kronik terlihat nanah, sel raksasa dan infiltrasi sel-sel radang kronik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Diagnosa</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">1. Kerokan kulit atau rambut jenggot yang terkena (terputus-putus, tidak mengkilap) dengan larutan KOH 10-20%, dilihat langsung di bawah mikroskop untuk mencari hifa atau infeksi endotriks/ eksotriks.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">2. Biakan pada media agar Sabouraud.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">3. Sinar Wood: fluoresensi kehijauan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penatalaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Umum : Rambut daerah jenggot dicukur bersih.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV"> Jaga kebersihan umum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Khusus : <i>Sistemik : </i>Dapat diberikan griseovulfin 500 mg - 1</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV"> gram/hari selama 2-4 minggu.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> Topikal : </span></i><span lang="SV">Kompres sol. kaliumpermanganas 1:4.000 atau sol. asam asetat 0,025%, 2- 3 kali sehari G antifungi sol. tinactin G epilasi rambut yang terinfeksi G antibiotik bila ada infeksi sekunder.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Prognosa: Umumnya baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYjEflfU0mjtlHRSjmucvzQt6HzLGvNMYu05KU-lZhK34uByvBiPKeBiI_1b5DYqy9unpZ5hwttybXDiKXQB3KavxfyXp226MyZugE-yvIOWMLbTYMpfiA6spqumRTX43UuvyanypDztE/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYjEflfU0mjtlHRSjmucvzQt6HzLGvNMYu05KU-lZhK34uByvBiPKeBiI_1b5DYqy9unpZ5hwttybXDiKXQB3KavxfyXp226MyZugE-yvIOWMLbTYMpfiA6spqumRTX43UuvyanypDztE/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-32736450452426184382011-11-12T03:50:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:50:15.274-08:00TINEA KAPITIS<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Tinea kapitis adalah infeksi jamur superfisial yang menyerang kulit kepala dan rambut.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Penyebab : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">golongan dermatofita, terutama <i>T. rubrum, T.</i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">mentagropkytes </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">dan A/, <i>gypseum.</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Umur : umumnya anak-anak sekolah dasar. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Jenis kelamin : anak pria lebih banyak dari anak wanita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Bangsa : semua bangsa dapat terkena penyakit ini.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Daerah : lebihbanyakpada daerah bcriklim panas.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Kebersihan/higiene : kebersihan yang buruk dan kontak dengan binatang peliharaan seperti anjing atau ku-cing berperan dalam penularan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Lingkungan : lingkungan kotor dan panas, serta udara yang lembab ikut berperan dalam penularan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Perjalanan penyakit termasuk keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Jamur dapat masuk ke dalam kulit kepala atau rambut, dan selanjutnya berkembang membentuk kelainan di kepala tergantung dari bentuknya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Biasanya memberi keluhan gatal atau nyeri.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Lokalisasi : </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">daerah kulit kepala dan rambut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Efloresensi : </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">tergantung dari jenisnya <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1. <i>Gray patch ring worm: </i>papel-papel mi-liar sekitar muara rambut, rambut mudah putus, mcninggalkan alopcsia yang ber-warna coklat.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2. <i>Black dot ring worm: </i>infeksi jamur dalam rambut (cndotriks) atau di luar rambut (ektotriks), rambut putus tepat pada permukaan kulit, meninggalkan ma-kula coklat bcrbinlik-hitam, dan warna rambut sekitarnya mcnjadi suram.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">3. Kerion: pada kulit kepala tampak bisul-bisul kccil dengan skuamasi akibat radang lokal, rambut putus dan mudah dicabut.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">4. Tinea favosa: bintik-bintik berwarna merah kuning ditutupi oleh krusta yang bcrbenluk cawan (skutula). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Berbau busuk <i>(mousy odor), </i>rambut di atasnya putus-putus dan mudah dicabut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Diagnosa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1.Sinar Wood: fluorcsensi kehijauan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2.Pembiakan skuama dalam media agar Sabouraud.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;">3.Prcparat langsung dari kerokan kulit dengan larutan KOH 10%, dapat terlihat hifa alau spora dan misclium. Prcparat langsung dari rambut dapat terlihat hifa atau spora di dalam rambut (cndotriks) atau di luar rambut (ektotriksl.)<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMQlnYKogh8uLb3NyDV-HHY43mL5Y9jIHiLItFYNUQ8CW3BbUHY4i1vqj2BZ1TZ9TtC8MY37wT3_auwMkMi_-whS6ItKrZ1wJ5zU2qgUjFg45QJ4I7cu_-cnCORMt4vayT3mR_k9RFpOQ/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMQlnYKogh8uLb3NyDV-HHY43mL5Y9jIHiLItFYNUQ8CW3BbUHY4i1vqj2BZ1TZ9TtC8MY37wT3_auwMkMi_-whS6ItKrZ1wJ5zU2qgUjFg45QJ4I7cu_-cnCORMt4vayT3mR_k9RFpOQ/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj0lCnRdUeqjL37XFaHTjOu0FjcPUSKZWXaNkuwlfOujZ7U1Cr1e4gsN3k4tRHQB8VuJsFWAAn9Sw4NXP2BUeOXsfRFEtqgeq-uaq3cyjSFIUDoi0NU9zJpy7CRZ-bQeAJHZIRtHo9w_8/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj0lCnRdUeqjL37XFaHTjOu0FjcPUSKZWXaNkuwlfOujZ7U1Cr1e4gsN3k4tRHQB8VuJsFWAAn9Sw4NXP2BUeOXsfRFEtqgeq-uaq3cyjSFIUDoi0NU9zJpy7CRZ-bQeAJHZIRtHo9w_8/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqgVC5c2cFYBo_yBGlvxk-ar2Dsl7jAnvqnyjQTXYkUWbWHznUMwqLNS4tbxrYKMDdydCdjkBXLkV9CrenOadZbpfW2132YRB53jeri8K90Qe49aX-YSd4YkDkb79q7sYaAvA8ugGyy4g/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqgVC5c2cFYBo_yBGlvxk-ar2Dsl7jAnvqnyjQTXYkUWbWHznUMwqLNS4tbxrYKMDdydCdjkBXLkV9CrenOadZbpfW2132YRB53jeri8K90Qe49aX-YSd4YkDkb79q7sYaAvA8ugGyy4g/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penatalaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">griseofulvin 10-25 mg/kg BB; dewasa 500 mg/hari. Ketokonazol 5-10 mg/kg BB; dewasa 200 mg/hari selama 7-14 hari.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> Topikal <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">mencuci kepala dan rambut dcngan shampoo des-infektan antimikotik seperti larutan asam salisilat, asam benzoat, dan sulfur presipitatum. Obat-obat derivat imidazol 1-2% dalam krim atau larutan dapat menyembuhkan, demikian pula ketokonazol krim atau larutan 2%.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Bila penyembuhan telah dicapai dan faktor-faktor infeksi dapat lihindari, maka prognosis umumnya baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-69288360207997358232011-11-12T03:46:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:46:04.740-08:00TINEA NIGRA PALMARIS<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Tinea nigra palmaris adalah penyakit infeksi jamur superfisial yang menyerang telapak kaki dan tangan, menimbulkan gambaran khas berupa warna coklat-kehitamanpada kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Penyebab <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Cladosporium werneckii</span></i><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Umur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">biasanya menyerang anak-anak.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Jenis kelamin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">pria sama dengan wanita</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Bangsa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">semua bangsa dapat dikenai penyakit ini</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Dacrah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">lebih mudah berkembang pada daerah tropis beriklim panas dengan kelembaban tinggi</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Kebersihan/higiene</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">. lebih mudah menyerang orang dengan ke-</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">bersihan yang kurang dan higiene yang ren-dah.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Lingkungan : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">yang kotor dengan udara lembab dan panas mempermudah penyebaran penyakit.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Perjalanan penyakit termasuk keluhan utama dan tambahan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Mulai dengan bintik-bintik hitam kecoklatan pada telapak kaki atau tangan, yang makin lama makin besar hingga mcncapai ukuran uang logam. Kadang-kadang terasa nyeri atau sedikit gatal.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Lokalisasi : <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">telapak kaki dan tangan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="SV">Efloresensi : </span></i><span lang="SV">makula hipeqiigmentasi miliar sampai numu-lar dengan gambaran polisiklis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Diagnosa</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">1. Sinar Wood : fluoresensi kuning kchijauan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">2. Biakan kerokan kulit dalam media agar Sabouraud: tcrlihat per-tumbuhan jamur.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">3. Prcparat langsung kerokan kulit dengan KOH 10%: dapat terlihat spora dan hifa pada epidermis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Salep yang mengandung asam salisilat 3-5% dan asam benzoat 5-10% banyak menolong. </span><span lang="EN-US">Preparat imidazol 1-2% dalam krim atau salep berkhasiat baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkgGmG8LBhGiTDA1y7Bop1bIGpVipXwkWA8a1myjkMk-ygkbsRO5enwsHJIaXwMeQKXnH9uIKyMd5Z49XRusTyH3iLAkClb1573oVYo-kkgxvhW02HPbkvKjpOkRrqeZee4jZR4N86mEA/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkgGmG8LBhGiTDA1y7Bop1bIGpVipXwkWA8a1myjkMk-ygkbsRO5enwsHJIaXwMeQKXnH9uIKyMd5Z49XRusTyH3iLAkClb1573oVYo-kkgxvhW02HPbkvKjpOkRrqeZee4jZR4N86mEA/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-55288852183759646392011-11-12T03:44:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:44:14.581-08:00TINEA VERSIKOLOR (PANU) / (PITIRIASIS VERSICKOLOR)<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Tinea versikolor adalah infeksi jamur superfisial yang ditandai oleh adanya makula di kulit, skuama halus disertai rasa gatal.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Penyebab <i>Malasseziafurfur/Pityrosporumorbiculare.</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Umur<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">dapat menyerang hampirsemua umur</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Jenis kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">menyerang pria dan wanita<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Bangsa/ras <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">semua bangsa.</span><span lang="SV"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Dacrah <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">hampir di seluruh dunia.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Kebersihan/higiene: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">kurangnya kebersihan memudahkan penybaran tinea versikolor.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Lingkungan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">keadaan basah atau berkeringat banyak, menyebatkan stratum korneum melunak sehingga mudah dimasuki <i>Malasseziafufur</i></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i><span lang="SV">.</span></i><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Perjalanan penyakit tcrmasuk keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Biasanya timbul makula dalam berbagai ukuran dan warna, ditutupi si-sik halus dengan rasa gatal, atau tanpa keluhan dan hanya gangguan kosmetiksaja.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i><span lang="SV">Lokalisasi<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">dapat terjadi di mana saja di pennukaan kulit, lipat paha, kctiak, leher, punggung, dada, lengan, wajah dan tempat-tempat tak tcrtutup pakaian.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i><span lang="SV"> Efloresensi/sifat-sifatnya</span></i><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">bcrupa makula yang dapat hipopigmentasi, kecoklatan, keabuan atau kehitam-hitaman dalam berbagai ukuran, dengan skuama halus di atasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Pemeriksaan pembantu laboratorik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">L. SinarWood : fluoresensi kuning keemasan</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i><span lang="SV">I. </span></i><span lang="SV">Mikroskopik preparat KOH10%dari</span><span lang="SV"> kerokan kulit lesi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV"> tampak kelompok-kelompok hifa pendek tebal 3-8 µ dikelilingi spora berkelompok ber-ukuran 1-2 <i>\i.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><i><span lang="SV">Penata laksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Umum : menjaga higiene perseorangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Khusus (topikal) :</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Bentuk makular : salep Whilfield atau larutan natrium tiosulfit 20%</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">dioleskan setiap hari.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Bentuk folikular: dapat dipakai tiosulfas natrikus 20-30%.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="SV">Obat-obat anti jamur golongan imidazol (ekonazol, mikonazol, klotrimazol, dan tolsiklat) dalam krim atau salep 1-2% juga berkhasiat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV">Prognosa baik<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbTBhXaB9pHwFbGj03XsjhfxZ5Vt_YmtQf8odiyClfUYjJlpwSS0NApLxqkGeRZiCCYUgTfSzlTjKeMnH-6IJyjVUtk5MuOhFW-b6z8b9Pz16iSE2RrqHsXDpvuijbb1W9YuzcPCpLC10/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbTBhXaB9pHwFbGj03XsjhfxZ5Vt_YmtQf8odiyClfUYjJlpwSS0NApLxqkGeRZiCCYUgTfSzlTjKeMnH-6IJyjVUtk5MuOhFW-b6z8b9Pz16iSE2RrqHsXDpvuijbb1W9YuzcPCpLC10/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-42365046205654610312011-11-12T03:40:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:40:22.530-08:00PIL (PILULAE)<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II.1. PENGERTIAN <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil adalah suatu sediaan berupa massa bulat, mengandung satu atau lebih bahan obat (FI III, 1979 : 23)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil adalah sediaan kecil, berbentuk bulat atau bulat telur untuk pemakaian dalam (Eric W. Martin, 1971 : 802)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil adalah suatu sediaan yang berbentuk bulat seperti kelereng mengandung satu atau lebih bahan obat (Moh. Anief, 2008 : 80</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II.2. BERDASARKAN BERATNYA, DIBAGI MENJADI :<br />
1. Pil (bobot 60-300mg, bobot ideal 100-150mg rata2 120 mg).<br />
2. Boli (pil yang beratnya >300mg).<br />
3. Granula (1/3 – 1 grain).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. parvul (<>).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.3. PERSYARATAN PIL DALAM FARMAKOPE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bobot pil ideal antara 100, 150 mg, rata-rata 120 mg. Oleh karena sesuatu hal syarat ini seringkali tidak dapat dipenuhi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syarat yang diberikan pada semua pil yang dipaparkan dalam farmakope dan yang dapat dianggap berlaku untuk semua pil-pil, yakni pil-pil setelah dimasukkan ke dalam asam klorida 0,04N pada 37 derajat dan dikocok-kocok keras-keras sampai hancur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada waktu penyimpanan bentuknya tidak boleh berubah, tidak begitu keras sehingga dapat hancur dalam saluran pecernaan, dan pil salut enteric tidak hancur dalam lambung tetapi hancur dalam usus halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memenuhi keseragaman bobot. Timbang 20 pil satu-persatu,hitung bobot rata-rata, penyimpangan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terbesar terhadap bobot rata-rata.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 47.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 165.45pt;" valign="top" width="221"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk bobot rata-rata pil<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyimpangan rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 pil<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2 pil<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 165.45pt;" valign="top" width="221"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">100mg sampai 250 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 165.45pt;" valign="top" width="221"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">250 mg sampai 500 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memenuhi waktu hancur seperti tertera pada compresi yaitu dalam air 36– 38derajat pil selama 15 menit untuk pil tidak bersalut dan 60 menit untuk pil yang bersalut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.4. KEUNTUNGAN SEDIAAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menutupi rasa obat yang tidak enak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Relatif lebih stabil dibanding sediaan lain yang mudah bereaksi dengan udara dan cahaya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Baik untuk obat yang dikehendaki memberikan aksi yang lambat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mudah digunakan atau ditelan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.5. KERUGIAN SEDIAAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurang cocok untuk obat yang dikehendaki memberikan aksi yang cepat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat tertentu dalam larutan pekat dapat mengiritasi lambung</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B.O. Padat volominous dan B.O. Cair dalam jumlah lebih.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.6. KOMPOSISI DARI PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat aktif </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jumlah kecil, harus ditambah massa/diperbesar volume pilnya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat Tambahan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat pengisi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperbesar volume pil </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(akar manis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">/radix liquiritiae, bolus alba,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> atau bahan lain yang cocok</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Sebaiknya pengisi yang dipilih Radix Liquiritiae terutama pada pil-pil yang jumlah zatnya sedikit. Jika ada Succus Liquiritiae sebagai zat pengikat, banyaknya Radix Liquiritiae sekurang-kurangnya dua kali dari Succus Liquiritiae. Radix Liquiritiae merupakan suatu zat pengisi yang baik sekali, lebih baik daripada serbuk tumbuh-tumbuhan manapun, karena Radix Liquiritiae memberikan memberikan suatu massa pil yang kenyal, yang jika dibuat dengan sejumlah zat pengikat yang tepat akan mudah pecah di lambung. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat pengikat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melekatkan massa pil antara yang satu dengan yang lain</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Sari akar manis, Gom akasia, tragakan, campuran </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahan tersebut, atau bahan lain yang cocok</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Perlu diingat zat pengikat adalah bahan-bahan yang bersifat lengket bila terkena air</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya dipakai Succus Liquiritiae dan jumlahnya pada umumnya 2 g untuk 60 pil. Jumlah ini selalu cukup untuk jumlah zat aktif yang sedikit, tetapi untuk jumlah zat aktif yang besar, dibutuhkan jumlah Succus Liquiritiae yang lebih banyak tergantung dari sifat obat yang dibuat massa pil. Pada pembuatan massa pil, kedalam campuran obat Radix Liquiritiae dan Succus Liquiritiae harus ditambahkan suatu cairan supaya dapat diperoleh suatu massa yang homogen yang dapat dikepal. Biasanya dipakai air tetapi lebih tepat jika dipakai Aqua Glyserinata yaitu suatu campuran yang sama banyak antara air dan gliserol. Pada waktu massa pil mongering, yang tertinggal hanya gliserol sehingga didapat suatu pil kering. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mencegah lengketnya massa pil pada alat pembuat pil, pada waktu menggulung dan memotongnya maka massa pil-pil ditutupi dengan zat penabur, umumnya dipakai lycopodium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat pembasah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan untuk membasahi massa agar dapat dibentuk </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Air, gliserol, sirup, madu, campuran bahan tersebut atau bahan lain yang cocok)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat penabur </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Digunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk mencegah sediaan pil yang satu dengan lain tidak melekat </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Likopodium atau talk, atau bahan lain yang cocok)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat penyalut </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ditambahkan untuk tujuan tertentu. macam-acam tujuan penyalutan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk menutup rasa dan bau yang tidak enak dari zat aktifnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah perubahan/teroksidasinya zat aktif oleh udara. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Supaya pil pecah dilambung, karena zat aktif dapat mengiritasi lambung atau zat aktif rusak oleh asam lambung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Perak, balsam tolu, keratin, sirlak, kolodium, salol, gelatin, gula, atau bahan lain yang cocok) (FI Ed III, 1979 : 23)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.7. TAHAP PERACIKAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBUATAN MASSA PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tentukan bobot Bahan Obat untuk 1 pil. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tentukan macam dan jumlah bahan tambahan yang dibutuhkan sesuai dengan jumlah dan sifat bahan obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campur Bahan Obat + pengisi + bahan pengikat + bahan pemecah sesuai aturan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tambahkan bahan pembasah sedikit-sedikit ke dalam camp digilas kuat ad massa pil yg baik </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(elastis, tidak lengket di mortir, dan tidak pecah digulung).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> PEMOTONGAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa pil</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dibentuk silinder yg panjangnya sesuai jumlah yg akan dibuat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebelumnya pemotong diberi alat penabur dulu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> PEMBULATAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Potongan massa pil dipindahkan ke alat pembulat pil yg sudah diberi bahan penabur, selanjutnya dibulatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masukkan pil ke wadah melalui lubang yang ada dan dihitung jumlahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENYALUTAN PIL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan penyalutan sesuai dengan jenis bahan penyalut yang digunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENYALUTAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melindungi Bahan Obat dari pengaruh lingkungan (salut selaput) garam-garam ferrodisalut tolubalsem.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menutupi rasa bahan yg tak enak (salut gula) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kloramfenikol, strychnin. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperbaiki penampilan pil (salut selaput)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.8. PRINSIP PEMBUATAN BERDASARKAN MACAM BAHAN OBAT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung obat berupa serbuk (padat).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung zat berkhasiat yang bersifat oksidator digunakan Adeps Lanae atau </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaselinum sebagai zat pengikat dan Bolus Alba 100 mg tiap pil sebagai zat pengisi. Pengunaan Adeps atau Vaselinum adalah kira-kira 1/6 berat zat padatnya. Caranya menambahkan sedikit-demi sedikit digerus dan ditekan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung obat berupa ekstrak kental.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstrak kental direndam dengan Spiritus dilutus atau cairan lain yang digunakan sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> ekstrak dan dicampur dengan Liquiritiae Radix. Apabila jumlahnya sedikit diperlukan Succus Liquiritiae sebagai tambahan zat pengikat 1 g untuk 30 pil. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Apabila jumlah ekstrak kental besar yaitu 1,5 g lebih, kebutuhan Succus Liquiritiae dapat </span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dikurangi, bahkan tidak diperlukan Succus Liquiritiae tapi cukup dibuat dengan Liquiritiae Radix saja,</span>misalnya Valerianae Extractum dan Secalis Cornuti Extractum spissum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PIL DENGAN BAHAN-BAHAN KHUSUS<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung senyawa Hydrargyrum:dibuat dengan menggerus hydrargyrum, dengan sama berat Liquiritiae Radix dan air, setelah tidak terlihat<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> butir hydrargyum maka masa ditambah Liquiritiae Radix dan Succus Liquiritiae secukupnya</span>sampai mendapat masa pil yang cocok. Bila jumlah Hydrargyrum kecil maka dapat ditambahkanSuccus dan Liquiritiae Radix dalam perbandingan 1 : 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung Ferrosi Carbonas dan Ferrosi Iodium:Formula dapat dilihat di Farmakope Belanda edisi V, untuk pil Ferrosi Carbonas setiap pil mengandung<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">50 mg dan formula untuk pembuatan 300 pil jadi seluruh formula mengandung 15 g Ferrosi</span>Carbonas. Dibuat dengan mereaksikan Ferrosis Sulfas dengan Natrii Bicarbonas di atas tangas air.Sebagai pereduksi adalah Mel dan sebagai zat pembasah gliserin dan air sampai berat tertentu. Hal<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">ini dimaksudkan agar reaksi pembentukan Ferrosis Carbonas berjalan sempurna yaitu gas CO</span>2 yang terjadi hilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung garam-garam yang dapat menyerap air: <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Seperti Natrii Iodium sering terjadi penggumpalan hingga sulit dibuat masa pil yang baik. Untuk </span>mencegahnya maka perlu diberi air secukupnya biar larutan setelah itu baru dibuat masa pil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil dengan zat-zat higroskopik:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti: Kalii Bromidum, Kalii Iodidum dan Natrii Salicylas supaya digerus halus dan didalam mortar <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">yang panas. Untuk pil yang mengandung zat yang higroskopis sebagai zat pembasah jangan</span>menggunakan Aqua Glycerinata.5.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung senyawa yang sangat Higroskopis:Digunakan sebagai larutan seperti Calcii Bromidum, Calcii Chloridum, Kalii Acetas. Jika didalam reseptertulis garamnya maka yang diambil sebagai larutannya yang sebanding :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Solutio Kalii Acetatis mengandung 331 / 3% Kalii Acetas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Solutio Calcii Bromidi mengandung 25% Calcii Bromidum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Solutio Calcii Chloridi mengandung 25% Calcii Chloridum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Solutio Ferri Chloridi mengandung 75% Ferri Chloridum.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lrytan tersebut setelah ditimbang diuapkan sampai sisa airnya kira-kira tinggal kurang dari 1 g untuk 30<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> pil. Harus diingat jangan menguapkan Larutan Ferri Chloridum karena garam Ferrinya akan</span>terurai.6.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung senyawa Codeinum base dengan garam Ammonium atau Ichtammolum :<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Karena Codeinum base terhitung mudah larut dalam air dan merupakan base lebih kuat dari garam</span>Ammonium, maka akan bereaksi dan timbul gas NH3 yang bebas serta membuat pil jadi pecah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang dapat pecah karena zat-zat yang terkandung dapat bereaksi hingga menimbulkan gas yang memecah pil. Supaya tidak terjadi jangan menggunakan zat pembasah air yaitu dengan menggunakan zat pengikat yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung Ferrosi Carbonas dengan Acidum Citricum akan menimbulkan gas CO2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung Meditrenum akan timbul gas CO</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2 <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">karena terjadi reaksi antara </span>Iodochloroxychinolin Sulfonas dengan Natrii Bicarbonas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">−<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil yang mengandung Ferrum Reductum atau pulveratum dengan asam seperti Acidum Cutricumakan bereaksi dan timbul gas H2 yang akan memecah pil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung Hydrargyri Cloridum:<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Akan menghilangkan selaput lendir dari lambung dan usus maka perlu Hydrargyri Chloridum dalam</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">keadaan yang halus. Untuk itu perlu penambahan Natrii Chloridum untuk memudahkan</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Hydrargryi Chloridum larut dalam air. Penambahan Natrii Chloridum adalah setengah berat</span>Sublimat dan dilarutkan dulu dengan air sama berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung Diphantoinum Natrium:Jangan menggunakan Liquiritiae Radix tetapi menggunakan Succus Liquiritiae 1 bagian dan Amyilum 3 bagian dan sebagai zat pembasah digunakan Sirupus Simplex. Hal ini untuk menjaga agar pil lekashancur dalam lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung Quinini Sulfas:Ada dua macam yaitu yang berwarna colkat dan berwarna putih. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>xi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung zat pengikat yang bereaksi dengan asam :Seperti Gentianae Extractum, Succus Liquiritiae dan Liquiritiae Extractum. Bahan tersebut akan bereaksidengan Ferrum reductum, Ferrum pulveratum yang menimbulkan gas H2 serta menyebabkan pil menjadi menggelembung dan pecah. Bahan tersebut akan bereaksi pula dengan Natrii Bicarbonas, Ferrosi Carbonas yang menimbulkan gas CO2 serta menyebabkan pil menjadi menggelembung <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dan pecah. Maka itu Succus Liquiritiae, Liquiritiae Extractum dan Gentianae Extractum harus </span>dinetralkan dulu dengan MgO 50 mg tiap gram Ekstrak dan Succus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>xii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil-pil yang mengandung Ekstrak kering :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aloe Extractum Aquosum siccum, Rhamni Frangulae Extractum Aquosum siccum, Rhamni PhursianaeExtractum siccum, Rhei Extractum dapat dibuat pil cukup dangan Liquiritiae Radix dan zat pembasahAqua Glyserinata. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chinchonae Extractum siccum dan Colae Extractum siccum memerlukan Succus Liquiritiae sebagai zat pengikat untuk dapat dibuat masa pil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pil dengan ekstrak kering supaya dibuat keras jangan lembek agar tidak berubah bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-14867019607524351642011-11-12T03:34:00.000-08:002011-11-12T03:38:48.353-08:00VIRUS<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Merupakan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>Partikel bersel tunggal , ultramikroskopik (Tidak bisa dilihat dengan mikroskop biasa, kecuali virus simplek), berkembang biak dalam sel , melewati saringan kuman </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sifat-sifat umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">T</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">idak memiliki organisasi sel biasa <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mengandung salah satu jenis asam nukleat RNA, atau DNA, TAPI TIDAK MEMILIKI KEDUA-DUANYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tidak memiliki enzym yang diperlukan untuk mensintesa protein dan asam nukleat maka tergantung sama sekali pada sistem sintesis sel penjamu (hospes)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bekembang biak melalui proses yang rumit , tidak melalui pembelahan biner<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tidak dipengaruhi antibiotik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: red; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Peka terhadap <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: red; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">interferon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">SIFAT-SIFAT VIRUS DIBANDINGKAN DENGAN PROKARIOT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLscM00EIJazE0JBGWxFSY4xNHCpBjPnUH2R9lNuQuCdXhFSM9lLzY3Sx7w9lYnDHuplq5deDLFu6n8XH9_LDJSjtpwU8ZLfkod4c7tVv0kQRxOva9To7e64C-hSwW7-r1f4JnN1LQysE/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLscM00EIJazE0JBGWxFSY4xNHCpBjPnUH2R9lNuQuCdXhFSM9lLzY3Sx7w9lYnDHuplq5deDLFu6n8XH9_LDJSjtpwU8ZLfkod4c7tVv0kQRxOva9To7e64C-hSwW7-r1f4JnN1LQysE/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Morfologi:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ukuran: </span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ukuran virus berbeda-beda. Yang terbesar ialah virus cacar yang berukuran kira-kira 300 nm. Yang terkecil ialah virus penyakit kuku dan mulut yang berukuran 20 nm.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cara pengukuran partikel virus ialah:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(i) Dengan saringan membran kolodion dari berbagai ukuran lubang</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii) Pemusingan dengan kecepatan tinggi</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(iii) Dengan mikroskop elektron.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bentuk </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Beberapa virus memiliki bentuk khas misalnya virus rabies yang memiliki bentuk peluru, virus cacar berbentuk seperti bata, virus mozaik tembakau berbentuk seperti batang, bakteriofaga mempunyai kepala dan ekor seperti sperma, virus influenza atau polio berbentuk bulat dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8PfuyofJ3l_JoRALxVFcPpeB8wXOdVFkfTDvVcB7uFWt-NyEnlz9RrQZvrLCDQwb5QXQ-_uwvuHbzgknSujb9HH2FxYOUKpmr4xr5lcOR90N-YNK_0NyvtYIFHkQtZ4VH6bNiRqhFb4/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE8PfuyofJ3l_JoRALxVFcPpeB8wXOdVFkfTDvVcB7uFWt-NyEnlz9RrQZvrLCDQwb5QXQ-_uwvuHbzgknSujb9HH2FxYOUKpmr4xr5lcOR90N-YNK_0NyvtYIFHkQtZ4VH6bNiRqhFb4/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Struktur </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus mempunyai inti asam nukleat yaitu RNA atau DNA tetapi tidak keduanya. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Inti asam nukleat ini dibungkus oleh selubung protein yang disebut kapsid. Kapsid sendiri terdiri dari sejumlah subunit yang disebut kapsomer. Kapsomer ini tersusun sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(i) Mengelilingi asam nukleat yang berulir, disebut susunan heliks.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii) Sebagai kubus mengelilingi asam nukleat yang bulat, disebut susunan iksahedron.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virion mungkin memiliki selubung atau telanjang. Selubung ini terdiri dari selaput sel pejamu jika virus dilepaskan secara pembentukan tunas. Selubung ini terdiri dari protein.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Subunit protein dapat dilihat sebagai duri-duri yang muncul dari permukaan selubung. Subunit ini disebut peplomer. Virus mungkin mempunyai lebih dari satu jenis peplomer, misalnya virus influenza memiliki dua peplomer:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Duri segitiga yaitu hemaglutinin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bentuk jamur yaitu neuraminidasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN6tO3wzfLRGdiiYAB9BHYYaaXWpNXctLnwdExia-kzMTqO1InBDoWu7p6E4CLMT4cvfi35EJvU9YFnT-3VZrCRIW29MG5rz1uSLYcfQInGAfXb8WIjdHOyMn5I2XCf_iv3Z-iOwuDPx0/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN6tO3wzfLRGdiiYAB9BHYYaaXWpNXctLnwdExia-kzMTqO1InBDoWu7p6E4CLMT4cvfi35EJvU9YFnT-3VZrCRIW29MG5rz1uSLYcfQInGAfXb8WIjdHOyMn5I2XCf_iv3Z-iOwuDPx0/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Reaksi terhadap pengaruh kimia dan fisika:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(i) <b><i>Pemanasan dan pendinginan</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">sebagian besar virus dimatikan dengan pemanasan pada 60°C selama 30 menit kecuali virus hepatitis, adeno associated virus dan "scrapie virus". Virus dapat disimpan lama pada minus 20°C sampai minus 70°C pada lemari pendingin khusus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii) <b><i>pH:</i></b><i> </i>biasanya stabil pada pH 5 sampai 9. (pH cairan tubuh 7,35 -7,45)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(iii) <b><i>Kepekaan terhadap eter</i></b><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Arbo, myxo dan herpes virus mati oleh eter sedangkan entero, reo dan adenovirus tahan terhadap eter<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(iv) <b><i>Radiasi:</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sinar ultra ungu (UV), Sinar-X dan partikel-partikel logam berat menginaktifkan virus, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(v) <b><i>Zat warna vital:</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Biru toluidin, merah netral dan jingga akridin dapat memasuki partikel virus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Zat-zat warna ini bersatu dengan virus membuat virus peka terhadap efek inak-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">tivasi dari cahaya yang dapat terlihat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(vi) <b>Gliserol:</b></span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus tetap hidup pada larutan gliserol 50%, sedangkan kuman mati.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(vii). <b>Stabilisasi oleh garam-garam:</b></span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Magnesium klorida, magnesium sulfat dan sodium menstabilkan beberapa jenis</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">virus sehingga tidak diinaktifkan oleh pemanasan pada suhu 50°C selama 1 jam.</span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (viii) <b><i>Desinfektan:</i></b><i> </i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Lisol, dettol tidak mematikan virus. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Klorida dalam konsentrasi tinggi dapat mem- bunuh virus. Formaldehida (, beta propiolakton, asam hidroklorida, KMnO4, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> encer merupakan desinfektans yang paling bermanfaat untuk membunuh virus, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ix) <b><i>Zat-zat antivirus</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 1-metilisatin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">-tiosemikarbon telah dipakai untuk mengobati cacar, amantadin untuk influenza, rubella dan respiratory syncitial virus.</span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">Perkembangbiakan Virus:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 3.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Untuk perkembangbiakannya virus tergantung kepada mekanisme sintesis sel pejamu sebab</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: .35pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">tidak memiliki enzim-enzim biosintesis. Urutan kejadian pembiakan itu ialah sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(1) <b><i>Adsorpsi:</i></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 47.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> Virus diabsorpsi pada tempat tertentu pada sel pejamu yang disebut reseptor. Pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">virus polio reseptornya berupa lipoprotein yang ada pada permukaan sel usus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">Reseptor sel pejamu untuk virus influenza merupakan glikoprotein yang ada pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">permukaan epitel saluran napas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 47.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 20.15pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">(2) <b><i>Penetrasi:</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.9pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Partikel virus dimakan oleh sel binatang dengan mekanisme yang disebut viropek</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">sia yaitu mirip dengan fagositosis. Pada virus yang berselubung, selubung virus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">bergabung dengan selaput sitoplasma dan melepaskan nukleokapsid virus ke </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">dalam sitoplasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.9pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 19.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">(3) <b><i>Penelanjangan (uncoating):</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.9pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Proses ini membuat virus kehilangan selubung luar dan kapsidnya. Dalam beberapa hal proses penelanjangan ini terjadi oleh enzim lisosom pejamu. Pada <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">virus cacar, proses penelanjangan terjadi dalam dua langkah. Mula-mula selubung </span>luar dihilangkan oleh lisosom yang ada pada vakuola fagositik sel pejamu. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Kemudian inti virus (asam nukleat dan protein bagian dalam) dilepaskan ke dalam </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">sitoplasma oleh enzim penelanjang virus. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Jadi DNA virus terlepas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.9pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 19.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(4) <b><i>Biosintesis:</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 47.5pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Terjadi sintesis asam nukleat virus dan protein kapsid. Sintesis protein pengatur </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">akan menghentikan metabolisme sel normal dan berubah menjadi produksi kom</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">ponen-komponen virus. Virus DNA mengadakan sintesis komponen-komponen </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">di dalam inti sel pejamu kecuali virus cacar yang membuatnya pada sitoplasma; </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">sedangkan virus RNA mengadakan sintesis komponen-komponennya di dalam inti </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">sel pejamu kecuali orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus dan leukovirus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Biosintesis ter</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">sebut berlangsung dalam urutan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 82.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Transkripsi RNA pesuruh (m RNA) dari asam nukleat virus, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 82.8pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(ii </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Translasi m RNA menjadi protein awal. Protein-protein ini memulai dan</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> mempertahankan sintesis komponen-kompone</span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">n</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">virus dan menghentikan</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 44.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.95pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> sintesis protein dan asam nukleat pejamu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 82.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Replikasi asam nukleat virus, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 82.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Sintesis protein akhir yang merupakan komponen kapsid virion turunannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 82.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: normal;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXhwiKK4wiyrbRC89xnlj4PX15aD1PcyPbQuHljbQKB35rYJbVdLYE-HVwU_kW8FTacxvDYuonOJx4q6gonML6lhwyGnia_LdUQ1Gy7vBA2xG3rGKJxsRLWAHZhKhzhMxes-qoggZhpd4/s1600/Untitled2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXhwiKK4wiyrbRC89xnlj4PX15aD1PcyPbQuHljbQKB35rYJbVdLYE-HVwU_kW8FTacxvDYuonOJx4q6gonML6lhwyGnia_LdUQ1Gy7vBA2xG3rGKJxsRLWAHZhKhzhMxes-qoggZhpd4/s400/Untitled2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 82.8pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 82.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Transkripsi: </span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Mekanisme transkripsi dan sintesis asam nukleat berbeda pada tiap jenis </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">virus:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 59.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pada asam nukleat berserat tunggal (single stranded =SS), serat </span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 59.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">pasangannya mula-mula disintesis membentuk serat rangkap (double stranded =DS) bentuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">replikatif.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 59.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 52.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(b) DNA virus serat rangkap (DS) bekerja sebagai cetakan untuk replikasi RNA </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">menurut berbagai cara: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 52.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 52.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> (i) Pada virus polio RNA SS langsung bekerja pada mRNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.85pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.8pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">(ii) RNA SS asal (Serat positif) bekerja sebagai cetakan untuk membuat serat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">pasangannya (serat negatif) yang bekerja </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">sebagai cetakan untuk progeni </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">RNA virus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.5pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.95pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">(iii) Pada RNA SS (misalnya influenza), RNA asal membuat serat negatif pasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">ngannya yang bekerja sebagai mRNA maupun sebagai cetakan untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">sintesis progeni RNA virus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 77.75pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(iv) Virus RNA onkogenik (leukosvirus) menunjukkan siklus perkembangbiakan yang unik. Genom virus ialah RNA SS yang dikonversikan menjadi hibrida RNA-DNA melalui enzim "reverse transcriptase" virus (polimerasa DNA yang diarahkan oleh RNA) dari hibrida DNA DS nya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">disintesis lalu diintegrasikan kepada genom sel hospes (provirus). Provirus </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">bekerja sebagai cetakan sintesis progeni RNA virus. Integrasi provirus ke </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">dalam genom sel pejamu menyebabkan terjadinya transformasi sel dan timbulnya neoplasma.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">(5) <b><i>Pematangan:</i></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 51.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sesudah sintesis asam nukleat dan protein virus selesai berlangsung, terjadilah </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">penyatuan komponen-komponen tersebut menjadi virion-virion baru. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Hal ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">dapat terjadi pada inti sel (herpes dan adenovirus) atau sitoplasma (picorna dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">cacar). Virus yang berselubung memperoleh selubungnya dari selaput sitoplasma </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">sel hospes selama proses pertunasan. Virus yang tidak berselubung berada di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">dalam sel sebagai virion yang matang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 51.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 23.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">(6) <b><i>Pelepasan</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 51.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Pada virus kuman, pelepasan ini terjadi dengan terjadinya lisis bakteri yang terin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">feksi. Pada virus binatang, pelepasan ini terjadi tanpa disertai lisis (myxovirus). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Beberapa virus seperti virus polio dapat menyebabkan lisis sel.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Siklus replikasi:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 52.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(a) pada virus binatang berlangsung selama 15 sampai 30 jam.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 52.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(b) pada faga kuman berlangsung selama 15 sampai 30 menit.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Fase eklips ialah waktu mulai saat penetrasi virus ke dalam sel pejamu sampai muncul</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">nya virus-virus baru yang utuh. Pada fase ini tidak dapat diperlihatkan adanya virus di dalam sel pejamu.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.85pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Siklus pembiakan abnormal:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Fenomena non Magnus: Jika </span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">virus yang berbiak memiliki titer hemaglutinin tinggi tetapi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">infektivitasnya rendah.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 4.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Infeksi Abortif: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Kadang-kadang di dalam sel pejamu komponen virus disintesis tetapi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">pematangan atau "assemblingnya" tidak berlangsung. Mungkin tidak terjadi pelepasan virus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">atau berupa progeni yang tidak menular.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .35pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 5.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Virus tak lengkap: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Ada virus yang secara genetik tidak lengkap sehingga tidak mampu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">menghasilkan turunan yang infektif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Pembiakan Virus:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Karena virus merupakan parasit intrasel mutlak dan tidak dapat berkembang biak pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">perbenihan tanpa sel, maka ada 3 cara pembiakannya:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 48.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(a) Penyuntikan pada binatang percobaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 48.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">(b) Pembiakan pada embrio ayam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 48.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">(c) Biakan jaringan (kultur jaringan)</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">(a) <b><i>Binatang percobaan</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Merupakan salah satu cara tertua untuk membiakkan virus. Virus <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">poliomielitis yang disuntikkan secara intraspinal atau intraserebral pada </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">monyet akan menyebabkan penyakit kelumpuhan khas dan virusnya dapat ditemukan kembali. Mencit yang baru lahir peka terhadap virus coxsackie </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">dengan menunjukkan gejala miositis berat disertai kelumpuhan. Virus cacar </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">dapat digoreskan pada kulit atau cornea kelinci. Jaringan otak anjing rabies yang disuntikkan intraserebral pada mencit atau kelinci akan menyebabkan terjadinya ensefalitis.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.45pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 7.55pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pertumbuhan virus pada binatang dapat diketahui dengan melihat <span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">gejala-gejala penyakit, adanya kelainan-kelainan yang tampak dan kematian </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">binatang tersebut. Kadang-kadang adanya kekebalan pada binatang per</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">cobaan mengganggu pertumbuhan virus yang disuntikkan. Pada binatang </span>percobaan dapat pula dtselidiki patogenesis, respons kekebalan dan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">epidemiologi penyakit virus.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(b) <b><i>Embrio ayam:</i></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.45pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">Lebih baik dari penyuntikan pada binatang percobaan karena sebab-sebab </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">di bawah ini:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(i) Telur bertunas bersih dan steril, bebas dari bakteri.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 62.3pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">(ii) Tidak memiliki mekanismc kekebalan seperti pada binatang per</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">cobaan yang dapat menghalangi perkembangbiakan virus.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(iii) Tidak memerlukan pemberian makanan dan sangkar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 61.9pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(iv) Embrio ayam mempunyai beberapa tempat untuk pembiakan virus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">misalnya selaput korioalantois (CAM) untuk cacar, vaksinia dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">virus herpes, rongga alantois untuk pembiakan virus influenza dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">beberapa jenis paramyxovirus, kantung amnion dapat dipakai untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">pengasingan virus influenxa dan kantung kunir telur untuk pem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">biakan chlamysia, rickettsia dan beberapa jenis virus. Penyuntikan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">ke dalam rongga alantois dapat dipergunakan untuk membiakan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">virus influenza untuk pembuatan vaksin. Virus demam kuning (jenis </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">17 D) dan rabies (jenis Flury) serta vaksin lain dibuat di dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">embrio ayam.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRlvmoGL83WPHVtVj_-HSmeNtozMES24kWD2id2dXMw4nLbeQfGjirnOOIPzinfzirMShoxC_BjUZ-omSVVbUSKibJLv34V6uZtxvi_rmTd4jq1U-iW8awmX-zM5SyrITumDG19ygZ3g0/s1600/Untitled23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRlvmoGL83WPHVtVj_-HSmeNtozMES24kWD2id2dXMw4nLbeQfGjirnOOIPzinfzirMShoxC_BjUZ-omSVVbUSKibJLv34V6uZtxvi_rmTd4jq1U-iW8awmX-zM5SyrITumDG19ygZ3g0/s400/Untitled23.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="background-color: white;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">Kelemahan pembiakan pada telur bertunas:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.95pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">1. Telur dapat tercemar mikoplasma dan virus unggas laten yang dapat mengganggu </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">pertumbuhan virus lain.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">2. Embrio ayam hanya peka terhadap beberapa jenis virus saja.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.7pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.4pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">3. Pencemaran sedikit saja pada bahan pemeriksaan akan mematikan embrio. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.7pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.4pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">(c) <i>Biakan jaringan:</i></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 73.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Biakan jaringan dari sel-sel manusia atau hewan sering dipergunakan untuk </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">membiakkan virus. Ada 3 jenis utama biakan jaringan:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 102.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.45pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1) Biakan alat tubuh misalnya biakan cincin trakea yang dipakai untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">mengasingkan coronavirus.</span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 102.25pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2) Biakan "explant" sayatan jaringan dapat dipakai sebagai "explant" yang ditanamkan pada bekuan plasma. Cara ini tidak berguna pada virologi. Dahulu biakan jaringan "explant" adenoid dipakai untuk <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">adenovirus.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 74.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">(3) <i>Biakan sel</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cara ini yang paling umum dan cara yang baik untuk dipakai secara rutin dalam pembiakan virus. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dari potongan-potongan jaringan, sel <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">dilepaskan oleh enzim proteolitik seperti tripsin serta penggoncangan </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">mekants. Sesudah sel-sel ini dicuci, lalu disuspcnsikan pada perbenihan </span>untuk pembiakan lalu disebarkan pada lempeng pctri, tabung reaksi <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">atau bo to I. Sel-sel ini akan melekat pada permukaan gelas dan tumbuh </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">membentuk lapisan "monolayer" (satu lapis sel) dan dapat dilihat de-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">ngan menggunakan mikroskop dengan pembesaran rendah. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ada 3 jenis biakan sel: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">(a) <b><i>Biakan sel primer</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Jika sel normal yang baru diambil dari tubuh untuk pertama kali, sel-sel ini disebut </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">biakan sel primer. Biakan ini dapat dipindah biakan berulang-ulang. Biakan tadi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">sangat berguna untuk pengasingan dan pembiakan virus untuk pembuatan vaksin </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">misalnya biakan sel ginjal monyet Rhesus, biakan sel amnion manusia, biakan <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">fibroblas embrio ayam dan lain-lain.</span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 20.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(b) <b><i>Strain sel diploid</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 51.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dapat membelah 100 kali di dalam biakan. Berguna untuk pengasingan virus patogen yang sulit dibiakkan dan juga untuk membuat vaksin virus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Contohnya <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">strain sel paru-paru embrio manusia (WI-38) dan strain sel embrio rhesus (HL-8).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.2pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">(c) <b><i>Jalur sel berkesinambungan</i></b><i>:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.4pt; margin-right: .35pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Merupakan satu jenis sel yang terutama berasal dari sel kanker. Juga dapat dibiak</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">kan beberapa generasi dengan memindahkannya dari satu tabung ke tabung lain </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">tanpa perubahan sifat-sifat selnya. Hanya dipergunakan untuk pengasingan virus. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">Pembuatan vaksin pada sel-sel ini tidak aman untuk penggunaan pada manusia, </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">misalnya sel HeLa (Galur sel berasal dari karsinoma serviks manusia).</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Contoh lain galur sel berkesinambungan ialah:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.85pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">K.B. (jalur sel kanker nasofarings manusia), HEP: 2 (galur sel epitelioma </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">manusia), McCoy (galur sel kanker sinovia manusia), BAK 21 (galur sel ginjal bayi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">hamster) dan Detroit-6 (galur sel sumsum tulang dada).</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-top: 6.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Deteksi pertumbuhan virus pada biakan sel: </span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Virus yang membiak pada biakan jaringan memperlihatkan dirinya dengan membuat:</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 51.1pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 12.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.45pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(1) <i>Perubahan </i>pada sel yang disebut efek sitopatogenik (ESP) misalnya virus campak </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">membentuk sinsitium dan SV40 membentuk vakuolisasi sitoplasma yang nyata.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 1.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(2) Jika <i>virus tumbuh </i>pada biakan sel, metabolisme sel dihambat dan tidak membuat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">asam. Pada biakan sel normal terjadi pembuatan asam sebab aktivitas metabo<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">lisme. Indikator merah fenol dapat mendeteksi pembuatan asam dengan melihat </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">perubahan warnanya menjadi kuning.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">(3) <i>Hemadsorpsi:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 1.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Jika virus influenza dan para influenza tumbuh pada biakan sel, adanya virus-virus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">tersebut dapat dideteksi dengan menambahkan sel darah merah marmot ke dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">biakan. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">Jika virus tadi berbiak di dalam sel, sel darah merah tadi akan diserap oleh </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">permukaan sel.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(4) <i>Interferensi</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 1.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Pertumbuhan virus pertama hampir selalu akan menghalangi infeksi virus kedua </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">dengan cara interferensi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-left: 22.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt;">(5) <i>Transformasi:</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.75pt; margin-right: 1.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">Virus onkogenik atau virus pembentuk tumor menyebabkan transformasi sel dan </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">hilangnya penghambatan kontak.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 1.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.35pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">(6) <i>Pewamaan antibodi fluoresensi </i>juga merupakan suatu cara untuk mendeteksi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">perkembang biakan virus.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.05pt; margin-right: 2.15pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.35pt;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">(7) <i>Uji hemaglutinasi </i>dapat dikerjakan dengan menggunakan cairan biakan jaringan, </span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">misalnya </span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.65pt;">pada orthomyxovirus dan Paramyxovirus.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">KLASIFIKASI VIRUS.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Klasifikasi ini berdasarkan antara lain:<br />
Pada afinitas virus terhadap alat-alat tubuh tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yang menyerang kulit . Misalnya: cacar, cacar air, campak)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yang menyerang susunan syaraf . Misalnya: polio.rabies<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yang menimbulkan penyakit saluran pernafasan . Misalnya; influensa, batuk pilek.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yang menyebabkan kelainan pada alat dalaman tubuh Misalnya: demam kuning, hepatitis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Berdasarkan kriteria epidemiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus enterik, misalnya al.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">adenovirus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">virus hepatitis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus saluran nafas misalnya al.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rhino virus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">orthomyxovirus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Arbo(arthropod borne )virus ;al<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Toga virus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rhabdo virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus Onkogenik <o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yaitu virus yang menyebabkan timbulnya tumor pada penjamu alamiahnya atau pada percobaan binatang,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Penyakit-penyakit yang disebabkan virus antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
1. Campak(morbili) 2. Cacar, (variola, varicela)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.Demam berdarah (dengue fever) 4. Hepatitis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">5.Herpes </span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">6. Influensa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">7.Polio. </span><span style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">8. Dan lain-lain</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"><br />
</span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cacar</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cacar Air (varicela</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Yaitu penyakit akut menular yang ditandai oleh vesikel dikulit dan selaput lendir yang disebabkan oleh virus varicella.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus varicella disebut juga virus varicella-zoster (virusV-Z) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Virus ini dapat ditemukan di dalam cairan vesikel dan dalam darah penderita . Dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron dan dapat diisolasi dengan menggunakan biakan yang terdiri dari fibroblas paru embrio manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Masa inkubasi 11-17 hari. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Terdiri dari 2 stadium:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Stadium prodromal. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">24 jam sebelum kelainan kulit muncul, timbul gejala panas , perasaan lemah, anoreksia kadang-kadang terdapat gejala skarlatinaform atau morbiliform<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Stadium erupsi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dimulai dengan terjadinya papula merah kecil yang berobah menjadi vesikel berisi cairan jernih dan mempunyai dasar eritematous.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Kalau terjadi pada wanita hamil maka 17% dari bayi yang dilahirkan akan menderiat kelainan bawaan berupa bekas luka dikulit , berat badan lahir rendah, kelumpuhan dan artrophy tungkai, kejang , retardasi mental, kelainan mata seperi katarak , korio retinitis . Angka kematian tinggi.Bila ibu hamil menderita varicella 21 hari sebelum melahirkan maka 25% dari neonatus yang lahir memperlihat gejala varicella congenital pada waktu dilahirkan sampai umur 5 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2. Cacar (variola) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Penyakit akut menular dengan gejala umum yang berat </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">yang disebabkan oleh virus variola.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Khmer UI', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-39041685518508848892011-11-04T08:47:00.001-07:002011-11-04T08:47:29.471-07:00PENDAHULUAN TOKSIKOLOGI<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Toksikologi merupakan ilmu yang sangat luas yang mencakup berbagai disiplin ilmu yang sudah ada seperti ilmu kimia, Farmakologi, Biokimia, Forensik Medicine dan lain-lain. Disamping itu ilmu ini terus berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu-ilmu lainnya, dan ini semua pada gilirannya akan menyulitkan kita dalam membuat definisi yang singkat dan tepat mengenai TOKSIKOLOGI. Sebagai contoh : menurut Ahli Kimia : TOKSIKOLOGI adalah ilmu yang bersangkutan paut dengan effek-effek dan mekanisme kerja yang merugikan dari agent-agent Kimia terhadap binatang dan manusia. Sedangkan dari para ahli FARMAKOLOGI : TOKSIKOLOGI merupakan cabang FARMAKOLOGI yang berhubungan dengan effek samping zat kimia didalam sistem biologik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan keluasan Toksikologi maka sejumlah besar hali-ahli dibidangnya masing-masing turut terlibat dalam Toksikologi dalam bidang yang sesuai dengan keahliannya. Dari contoh definisi-definisi diatas, nyata terlihat ada beberapa unsur didalam TOKSIKOLOGI yang saling berinteraksi untuk menghasilkan unsur sentral yakni AMAN. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan penjelasan mengenai mana aman, unsur-unsur Toksikologi dan bidang-bidang Toksikologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahaya Dan Keamanan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam peristiwa-peristiwa yang sebenarnya terjadi, faktor yang dikhawatirkan bukanlah sifat racun yang ada didalam zat itu sendiri melainkan bahaya yang mengiringi pemakaiannya. Bahaya (= Risk) adalah kemungkinan satu zat menghasilkan hal yang merugikan dibawah keadaan-keadaan yang telah ditentukan. Keamanan (= Safety) adalah kebalikan dari risk (= bahaya), adalah kemungkinan bahwa hal yang merugikan itu tidak akan terjadi dibawah keadaan-keadaan yang telah ditentukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tergantung pada keadaan-keadaan penggunaannya, bahan kimia yang toksis bisa kurang berbahaya dari satu bahan yang relatif non toksis. Perkiraan mengenai bahaya diambil dari perhitungan effek-effek yang merugikan terjadi atas individu-individu dan atas masyarakat dari penggunaan satu bahan dalam jumlah dan dalam cara yang diusulkan. Perkiraan ini penting untuk mempertimbangkan pengaruh-pengaruh yang merugikan pada lingkungan sebagaimana effek-effek yang lebih langsung pada kesehatan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan mengenai apa yang menentukan suatu bahaya dapat diterima merupakan suatu keputusan kira-kira. Keputusan-keputusan demikian mempunyai banyak segi dan rumit dan melibatkan dan satu keseimbangan antara resiko dan keuntungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Resiko tinggi boleh jadi dapat diterima dalam penggunaan obat-obatan yang menyelamatkan kehidupan, tetapi tidak dapat diterima untuk additif-additif makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa faktor-faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam hal penetapan “suatu resiko yang dapat diterima” adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebutuhan yang ditemukan dengan bahan itu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketepatan dan dapat diperolehnya zat-zat pengganti untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan yang ditentukan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mendahului meluasnya pemakaian oleh umum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengerahan pertimbangan-pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perimbangan ekonomis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh-pengaruh pada kwalitas lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mempertahankan sumber-sumber alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengenai cara-cara pengambilan keputusan yang berdasarkan pertimbangan pertimbangan diatas dibicarakan dalam Reguatory toxicology mengenai bahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANEKA WARNA DOSIS TOKSIS :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang dapat menentukan (mendefinisikan) satu racun sebagai setiap agent sanggup menghasilkan satu jawaban yang merusak dalam system biologi, gangguan fungsi yang serius atau menghasilkan kematian. Bagaimanapun, ketentuan diatas bukanlah satu definisi yang berguna untuk diterapkan dengan alasan yang sangat sederhana bahwa setiap zat kimia yang dikenal memiliki kekuatan untuk menghasilkan kerusakan atau kematian jika berada dalam satu jumlah yang cukup.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PARACELSUS (1493 – 1541) mengutarakan ini dengan cukup baik melalui pernyataannya sebagai berikut : SEMUA ZAT-ZAT ADALAH RACUN, DISANA TIDAK ADA YANG BUKAN RACUN. DOSIS YANG TEPAT YANG MEMBEDAKAN SATU RACUN DENGAN SATU OBAT.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diantara zat-zat kimia disana ada satu aneka warna (= spectrum) yang lebar mengenai dosis yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan effek-effek yang merugikan, luka yang serius ataupun kematian. Ini ditunjukkan oleh TABEL (2-1) yang memperlihatkan dosis bahan kimia yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kematian dalam 50% dari binatang-binatang yang diberi dosis tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TABEL (2-1) : LD50 AKUT dari bermacam-macam agent-agent kimia yang dipilih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AGENT LD50 (mg/kg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ethyl alcohol 10,000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sodium chloride 4,000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ferrous Sulfate 1,500<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morphine Sulfate 900<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Phenobarbital Sodium 150<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DDT 100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Picrotoxin 5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strychnine Sulfate 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nicotine 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d-Tubocurrarine 0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hemicholinium-3 0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tetrodotoxin 0,10<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dioxin (TCDD) 0,001<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Botulinus toxim 0,00001<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa zat kimia akan menghasilkan kematian dalam dosis MIKROGRAM dan biasa disebut sebagai SANGAT BERACUN.Bahan kimia lain boleh jadi secara relatif kurang berbahaya mengikuti kelebihan dosis beberapa gram. Tingkatan-tingkatan daya racun telah dirancang berdasarkan lebarnya perobahan dalam dosis zat kimai yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu contoh penggolongan-penggolongan demikian ditunjukkan dalam TABEL (2-2) yang menyediakan penilaian atau penggolongan daya racun yang didasarkan atas dosis per oral yang mungkin untuk manusia. Penggolongan-penggolongan demikian hanya kwalitatif tetapi mereka melayani satu tujuan yang berguna dan praktis, terutama bagi seorang toxicologist yang ditanyai oleh seseorang dari disiplin ilmu yang lain, “Bagaimana sifat racun bahan kimia ini?”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNSUR-UNSUR TOKSIKOLGI :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada bagian PENDAHULUAN sudah dijelaskan bahwa untuk menyusun Toksikologi yang sederhana, tepat, dan lengkap adalah cukup sulit. Bagaimanapun, pada definisi itu terdapat sejumlah unsur-unsur yang biasa untuk Toksikologi moderen. Orang dengan segera dapat menentukan 3 unsur-unsur yang saling berhubungan yang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disana harus ada agent kimia atau fisika yang sanggup menghasilkan respon (= tanggapan).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang harus mengenali satu system biologis yang dapat bekerja sama dengan agent untuk menghasilkan respon.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disana harus ada satu respon yang dapat difikirkan menjadi perusak si system biologi tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melalui pembicaraan tersebut. Jelas disana juga harus ada Cara-cara yang digunakan oleh agent dan system biologi untuk saling bekerja sama. Melalui pembicaraan tersebut, jelas bahwa unsur pusat dari Toksikologi adalah rencana mengenai penggunaan yang aman dari bahan kimia. Pemakaian istilah “Racun (= Poisons) sendiri adalah tidak tepat, karena setiap zat kimia yang berguna adalah racun. Kata-kata itu juga sudah digunakan untuk tujuan-tujuan sah yang terbatas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selanjutnya, sebagai satu bagian besar dari ilmunya, ahli toksikologi mempunyai satu sumbangan untuk membuat pengenalan dari “bahaya” yang ditentukan sebagai kemungkinan akan dihasilkan luka atau kerusakan oleh satu zat kimia dibawah kondisi-kondisi khusus, dan menegakkan batas-batas keamanan yang ditetapkan sebagai ketentuan secara praktis bahwa kerusakan tidak akan dihasilkan dari pemakaian suatu zat dibawah kondisi-kondisi khusus dari jumlah dan cara pemakaian kimia tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumbangan-sumbangan ini dapat dibuat dalam berbagai cara-cara yang kebanyakan menampilkan ukuran-ukuran dari sifat racunnya yang ditentukan sebagai kekuatan suatu zat untuk menghasilkan kerusakan. Dalam masa perkembangan Toksikologi sebagai suatu ilmu, untuk lain yang penting bahkan utama, adalah “mengapa” mengenai jawaban toksis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitian dasar dibutuhkan untuk menentukan system biologis dan sampai pada satu tempat kerja dan menentukan peristiwa-peristiwa molekul yang mendasari perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi. Perlu diulangi bahwa ilmu toksikologi cepat berkembang meskipun secara nyata dapat ditemukan gambaran-gambaran yang stabil. Dikarenakan perkembangannya yang cepat, orang dapat mengharapkan perobahan-perobahan selanjutnya dalam bagian-bagian dari padanya dan dalam peran-peran yang dapat dimainkan oleh para ahli toksikologi. Jelas bahwa bidang studi ini dimasa-masa yang akan datang semakin menarik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KEPUSTAKAAN :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Doull, MD,PhD : TOXICOLOGY : The Basic Science of Poisons Second<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.G.katzung : FARMAKOLOGI DASAR DAN KLINIK<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gilbert W. Castellan : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. Second Edition<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lloyd N Ferguson : TEXBOOK of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ALIH BAHASA : Dr. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Binawati H.K.dkk : ECG. 1986 Edition, Mac millan Publishing Co, Inc, New York 1980<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HOWARD UNIVERSITY 2nd Edition. Van nostrand reinhold company.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">University of Maryland. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 1971<o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-23524516776319605572011-11-04T08:29:00.000-07:002011-11-04T08:34:04.718-07:00FARMAKOLOGI<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Farmakon = obat, logos = ilmu , Farmakologi = Ilmu khasiat obat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapeutik = pengobatan</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">lmu Obat dalam pengobatan (utk penyembuhan, pencegahan, promosi dan rehabilitasi kesehatan/”kwalitas hidup”).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Konsep dasar : interaksi obat dg tubuh </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> aplikasi medik, penelitian dan pengembangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJmoakVr5xx2DpsFwn9FfETRPBT1SkBRConp-4KNqe-KZ3Gb_Kcmc_ghB8J3GMbgXV90gADymw2wOB31TrelfiM2alUL0Z7ME9tgRvfYZKkI9lW1T2EhKwQNql5TWvL2ylMQAU1eqpgyY/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJmoakVr5xx2DpsFwn9FfETRPBT1SkBRConp-4KNqe-KZ3Gb_Kcmc_ghB8J3GMbgXV90gADymw2wOB31TrelfiM2alUL0Z7ME9tgRvfYZKkI9lW1T2EhKwQNql5TWvL2ylMQAU1eqpgyY/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>KONSEP DASAR FARMAKOLOGI</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Farmakologi adalah disiplin ilmu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">• I LMU : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">eksistensi kejadian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">meramalkan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perobahan keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengontrol </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perobahan (manejemen)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">• OBAT: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam komunitas (Farmakoepidemiologi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam tubuh (interaksi</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Farmakoterapi )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">alat intervensi (Farmakologi klinik)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komoditas vital (Farmakoekonomi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Objek riset (Inovasi & pengembangan) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">à</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melalui Uji Preklenik &Uji Klinik</span><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><b>PETA KONSEP FARMAKOLOGI</b></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrmaoXUz0xZKChzzmanQqWIzLb55O0z8TEfehmaO9VtfdrlKCDUNZaJw02z0zrjG0YomSTyrC9uPjABiIYBwooKGbN4KF5zDu51rdTZ2DiCTw9MYHEzh9I78r6j1vUy7Xgeg4GPSaeBzQ/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrmaoXUz0xZKChzzmanQqWIzLb55O0z8TEfehmaO9VtfdrlKCDUNZaJw02z0zrjG0YomSTyrC9uPjABiIYBwooKGbN4KF5zDu51rdTZ2DiCTw9MYHEzh9I78r6j1vUy7Xgeg4GPSaeBzQ/s320/Untitled.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjotwhOFxewGcXL6hmx_4MIwAqv6VgP8Vs9h8-xRUjGnmCMnD3UjzmXDzyZO3WIufvIvq97HXmV-we8rhaWoxX_IG5Iis__kSTllhta9pMwCkc4X1Byho3HMd2wPbcE6Jv4sbx670Ej6Fw/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjotwhOFxewGcXL6hmx_4MIwAqv6VgP8Vs9h8-xRUjGnmCMnD3UjzmXDzyZO3WIufvIvq97HXmV-we8rhaWoxX_IG5Iis__kSTllhta9pMwCkc4X1Byho3HMd2wPbcE6Jv4sbx670Ej6Fw/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-79613408200660463652011-11-04T08:04:00.001-07:002011-11-04T08:04:52.596-07:00PENDAHULUAN FARMAKOLOGI I<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Farmakologi merupakan sifat dari mekanisme kerja obat pada sistem tubuh termasuk menentukan toksisitasnya. Jalur pemakaian obat yang meliputi secara oral, rektal, dan parenteral serta yang lainnya harus ditentukan dan ditetapkan petunjuk tentang dosis-dosis yang dianjurkan bagi pasien dalam berbagai umur, berat dan status penyakitnya serta teknik penggunaannya atau petunjuk pemakaiannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk sediaan dan cara pemberian merupakan penentu dalam memaksimalkan proses absorbsi obat oleh tubuh karena keduanya sangat menentukan efek biologis suatu obat seperti absorpsi, kecepatan absorpsi dan bioavailabilitas (total obat yang dapat diserap), cepat atau lambatnya obat mulai bekerja (onset of action), lamanya obat bekerja (duration of action), intensitas kerja obat, respons farmakologik yang dicapai serta dosis yang tepat untuk memberikan respons tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Obat sebaiknya dapat mencapai reseptor kerja yang diinginkan setelah diberikan melalui rute tertentu yang nyaman dan aman seperti suatu obat yang memungkinan diberikan secara intravena dan diedarkan di dalam darah langsung dengan harapan dapat menimbulkan efek yang relatif lebih cepat dan bermanfaat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara-cara pemberian obat untuk mendapatkan efek terapeutik yang sesuai adalah sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara/bentuk sediaan parenteral <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intravena (IV) (Tidak ada fase absorpsi, obat langsung masuk ke dalam vena, “onset of action” cepat, efisien, bioavailabilitas 100 %, baik untuk obat yang menyebabkan iritasi kalau diberikan dengan cara lain, biasanya berupa infus kontinu untuk obat yang waktu-paruhnya (t1/2) pendek) (Joenoes, 2002). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intramuskular (IM) (“Onset of action” bervariasi, berupa larutan dalam air yang lebih cepat diabsorpsi daripada obat berupa larutan dalam minyak, dan juga obat dalam sediaan suspensi kemudian memiliki kecepatan penyerapan obat yang sangat tergantung pada besar kecilnya partikel yang tersuspensi: semakin kecil partikel, semakin cepat proses absorpsi) (Joenoes, 2002). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Subkutan (SC) (“Onset of action” lebih cepat daripada sediaan suspensi, determinan dari kecepatan absorpsi ialah total luas permukaan dimana terjadi penyerapan, menyebabkan konstriksi pembuluh darah lokal sehingga difusi obat tertahan/diperlama, obat dapat dipercepat dengan menambahkan hyaluronidase, suatu enzim yang memecah mukopolisakarida dari matriks jaringan) (Joenoes, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intratekal (berkemampuan untuk mempercepat efek obat setempat pada selaput otak atau sumbu serebrospinal, seperti pengobatan infeksi SSP yang akut) (Anonim, 1995). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intraperitonel (IP) tidak dilakukan pada manusia karena bahaya (Anonim, 1995). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian obat per oral merupakan pemberian obat paling umum dilakukan karena relatif mudah dan praktis serta murah. Kerugiannya ialah banyak faktor dapat mempengaruhi bioavailabilitasnya (faktor obat, faktor penderita, interaksi dalam absorpsi di saluran cerna) (Ansel, 1989). Intinya absorpsi dari obat mempunyai sifat-sifat tersendiri. Beberapa diantaranya dapat diabsorpsi dengan baik pada suatu cara penggunaan, sedangkan yang lainnya tidak (Ansel, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anief, Moh., 2000, Ilmu Meracik Obat, Gadjah Mada University Press, hal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anonim, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia Edisi,IV, Depkes RI, Jakarta, hal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ansel, Howard.C., 1989 Pengantar Bentuk Sediaan Farmasi, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta,hal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joenoes, Z. N., 2002, Ars Prescribendi Jilid 3, Airlangga University Press, Surabaya, hal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-30195961530327362792011-11-01T02:52:00.000-07:002011-11-01T03:10:51.104-07:00Beberapa Penyakit Akibat Merokok Menurut Badan POM RI<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEeeu77g4TC_nbAPUoArQSfptTQFweQBLm8H3W8yC7ujZKCxLngtLWEAve72mME6YSUD7NkPyVyFJPbcoJ4gy0q05a6QBeKrS6WmSRDfU_28-r-FIJXEshw54Sikv6ou_FYKjzXuKYoxs/s1600/kandungan-rokok1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEeeu77g4TC_nbAPUoArQSfptTQFweQBLm8H3W8yC7ujZKCxLngtLWEAve72mME6YSUD7NkPyVyFJPbcoJ4gy0q05a6QBeKrS6WmSRDfU_28-r-FIJXEshw54Sikv6ou_FYKjzXuKYoxs/s400/kandungan-rokok1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">• Penyakit jantung dan stroke.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px;">Satu dari tiga kematian di dunia berhubungan dengan penyakit jantung dan stroke. Kedua penyakit tersebut dapat menyebabkan “sudden death” ( kematian mendadak).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="float: none;">• Kanker paru.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu dari sepuluh perokok berat akan menderita penyakit kanker paru. Pada beberapa kasus dapat berakibat fatal dan menyebabkan kematian, karena sulit dideteksi secara dini. Penyebaran dapat terjadi dengan cepat ke hepar, tulang dan otak.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Kanker mulut.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merokok dapat menyebabkan kanker mulut, kerusakan gigi dan penyakit gusi.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="float: none;">• Osteoporosis.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbonmonoksida dalam asap rokok dapat mengurangi daya angkut oksigen darah perokok sebesar 15%, mengakibatkan kerapuhan tulang sehingga lebih mudah patah dan membutuhkan waktu 80% lebih lama untuk penyembuhan. Perokok juga lebih mudah menderita sakit tulang belakang.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Katarak.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merokok dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada mata. Perokok mempunyai risiko 50% lebih tinggi terkena katarak, bahkan bisa menyebabkan kebutaan.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="float: none;">• Psoriasis.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perokok 2-3 kali lebih sering terkena psoriasis yaitu proses inflamasi kulit tidak menular yang terasa gatal, dan meninggalkan guratan merah pada seluruh tubuh.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="float: none;">• Kerontokan rambut.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merokok menurunkan sistem kekebalan, tubuh lebih mudah terserang penyakit seperti lupus erimatosus yang menyebabkan kerontokan rambut, ulserasi pada mulut, kemerahan pada wajah, kulit kepala dan tangan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Dampak merokok pada kehamilan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merokok selama kehamilan menyebabkan pertumbuhan janin lambat dan dapat meningkatkan risiko Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Risiko keguguran pada wanita perokok 2-3 kali lebih sering karena Karbon Monoksida dalam asap rokok dapat menurunkan kadar oksigen.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">• Impotensi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merokok dapat menyebabkan penurunan seksual karena aliran darah ke penis berkurang sehingga tidak terjadi ereksi.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Ppr6j-6Lepq0qDVSmd-JdWSdCDupWLwUToywizAQpGNwvc18CeDswnsBBZ95pTRv2zN6DJuHbZlsX0t9mtBMLiloeLPwOpuCII73e1Uf-sDj7YisIGURyByz61u0YmV_d9Cr_R8g5xI/s1600/bahaya-merokok3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Ppr6j-6Lepq0qDVSmd-JdWSdCDupWLwUToywizAQpGNwvc18CeDswnsBBZ95pTRv2zN6DJuHbZlsX0t9mtBMLiloeLPwOpuCII73e1Uf-sDj7YisIGURyByz61u0YmV_d9Cr_R8g5xI/s400/bahaya-merokok3.jpg" width="316" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZT3s3S1q1_Vi-NrzhS1ME6WI34ViO6ylSo1lTi3Bx9_nRL0gramaGrmluffaylljKFoBvaYipqcoipxvZIaw7lZiOE8kgcrbfGeLk5Bw0YaQOCkJvDlCnzZaytEw42QFJ8Nj5Ilvy6c/s1600/poster-kesehatan-rokok.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZT3s3S1q1_Vi-NrzhS1ME6WI34ViO6ylSo1lTi3Bx9_nRL0gramaGrmluffaylljKFoBvaYipqcoipxvZIaw7lZiOE8kgcrbfGeLk5Bw0YaQOCkJvDlCnzZaytEw42QFJ8Nj5Ilvy6c/s320/poster-kesehatan-rokok.jpg" width="282" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sumber :</span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://fransis.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/beberapa-penyakit-akibat-merokok-menurut-badan-pom-ri/">http://fransis.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/beberapa-penyakit-akibat-merokok-menurut-badan-pom-ri/</a></span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-508031950099626862.post-89487500628646005882011-10-31T21:22:00.000-07:002011-10-31T21:22:50.710-07:00LARUTAN ASAM BASA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam sering dikenali sebagai zat berbahaya dan korosif. Hal ini benar untuk beberapa jenis asam yang digunakan di laboratorium, seperti asam sulfat dan asam klorida. Tetapi asam yang tidak berbahaya juga banyak ditemui dalam kehidupan sehari – hari. Misalnya pada cuka dan buah – buahan. Seperti halnya asam, basa juga sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari – hari. Misalnya dalam pasta gigi, deterjen, atau cairan pembersih. Secara umum, asam dapat dikenali dari bau dan rasanya yang tajam / asam. Sedangkan basa bersifat licin dan rasanya pahit. Bila diteteskan pada kertas litmus, asam akan memberikan warna merah dan basa akan memberikan warna biru. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1. Teori – teori Asam Basa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.1. Teori Arrhenius</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Arrhenius (1884), asam adalah zat yang melepaskan ion H<sup>+</sup> atau H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> dalam air. Sedangkan basa adalah senyawa yang mel</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">epas ion OH<sup>-</sup> dalam air. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HA + aq </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + A<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> BOH + aq </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> B<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam air, ion H<sup>+</sup> tidak berdiri sendiri, melainkan membentuk ion dengan H<sub>2</sub>O.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (ion hidronium)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan jumlah ion H<sup>+</sup> yang dapat dilepaskan, asam dapat terbagi menjadi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam monoprotik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melepaskan 1 ion H<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : asam klorida (HCl)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> HCl </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + Cl<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam diprotik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melepaskan 2 ion H<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : asam sulfat (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam triprotik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melepaskan 3 ion H<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : asam fosfat (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila asam dan basa direaksikan, maka produk yang akan terbentuk adalah senyawa netral (yang disebut garam) dan air. Reaksi ini disebut sebagai reaksi pembentukan garam atau reaksi penetralan, yang akan mengurangi ion H<sup>+</sup> dan OH<sup>-</sup> serta menghilangkan sifat asam dan basa dalam larutan secara bersamaan. Jika asam yang bereaksi dengan basa adalah asam poliprotik, maka akan dihasilkan lebih dari satu jenis garam. Misalnya pada rekasi antara NaOH dengan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> NaOH + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> NaHSO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NaHSO<sub>4</sub> + NaOH </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa NaHSO<sub>4</sub> disebut sebagai garam asam, yaitu garam yang tebentuk dari penetralan parsial asam poliprotik. Garam asam bersifat asam, sehingga dapat bereaksi dengan basa membentuk produk garam lain yang netral dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.2. Teori Brönsted – Lowry</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">`</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori Arrhenius ternyata hanya berlaku pada larutan dalam air. Teori ini tidak dapat menjelaskan feno</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ena pada reaksi t</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">npa pelarut atau dengan pelarut bukan air. Pada tahun 1923, Brönsted – Lowry mengungkapkan bahwa sifat asam – basa ditentukan oleh kemempuan senyawa untuk melepas / menerima proton (H<sup>+</sup>). Menurut Brönsted – Lowry, asam adalah senyawa yang memberi proton (H<sup>+</sup>) kepada senyawa lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : HCl + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan basa adalah senyawa yang menerima proton (H+) dari senyawa lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam larutan, asam / basa lemah akan membentuk kesetimbangan dengan pelarutnya. Misalnya HF dalam pelarut air dan NH<sub>3</sub> dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzUCUVqY4y5R7X5wn75hbbFnStIwHu8zstndhxUSpIFF0LMtk10KeWk-xahqswSM4rLqcrJHqlz-cGQjW82yXYYh2YXilS_sZTaXxmvssMB4Bpa0BGco2Bojx22uo_BTUQqN__A4rZT7E/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzUCUVqY4y5R7X5wn75hbbFnStIwHu8zstndhxUSpIFF0LMtk10KeWk-xahqswSM4rLqcrJHqlz-cGQjW82yXYYh2YXilS_sZTaXxmvssMB4Bpa0BGco2Bojx22uo_BTUQqN__A4rZT7E/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasangan a1 – b2 dan a2 – b1 merupakan pasangan asam – basa konjugasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam konjugasi : asam yang terbentuk dari basa yang menerima proton<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basa konjugasi : basa yang terbentuk dari asam yang melepas proton<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori Brönsted – Lowry memperkenalkan adanya zat yang dapat bersifat asam maupun basa, yang disebut sebagai zat amfoter. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya adalah air. Di dalam larutan basa, air akan bersifat asam dan mengeluarkan ion positif (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>). Sedangkan dalam larutan asam, air akan bersifat basa dan mengeluarkan ion negatif (OH<sup>-</sup>). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.3. Teori Lewis</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lewis mengelompokkan senaywa sebagai asam dan basa menurut kemampuannya melepaskan / menerima elektron. Menurut Lewis, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam : - senyawa yang menerima pasangan elektron<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- senyawa dengan elektron valensi < 8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basa : - senyawa yang mendonorkan pasangan elektron<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- mempunyai pasangan elektron bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : Reaksi antara NH<sub>3</sub> dan BF<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>3</sub>N <b>:</b> + BF<sub>3</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>3</sub>N</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BF<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nitrogen mendonorkan pasangan elektron bebas kepada boron. Pasangan elektron bebas yang didonorkan ditandai dengan tanda panah antara atom nitrogen dan boron.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan teori Lewis ini adalah dapat menjelaskan reaksi penetralan yang dilakukan tanpa air. Misalnya pada reaksi antara Na<sub>2</sub>O dan SO<sub>3</sub>. Menurut Arrhenius, reaksi penetralan ini harus dilakukan dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Na<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 NaOH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> SO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 NaOH + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori Lewis memberikan penjelasan lain untuk menjelaskan reaksi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(s)</sub> + SO<sub>3(g)</sub> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(s)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 Na<sup>+</sup> + O<sup>2-</sup> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 Na<sup>+</sup> + [ O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SO<sub>3</sub> ]<sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2. Konsep pH</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air memiliki sedikit sifat elektrolit. Bila terurai, air akan membentuk ion H<sup>+</sup> dan OH<sup>-</sup>. Kehadiran asam atau basa dalam air akan mengubah konsentrasi ion – ion tersebut. Untuk suatu larutan dalam air, didefinisikan <i>pH</i> dan <i>pOH</i> larutan untuk menunjukkan tingkat keasaman. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.1 Derajat keasaman (pH) Asam / Basa Kuat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan pH asam / basa kuat dihitung dengan persamaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pH = - log [H<sup>+</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pOH = - log [OH<sup>-</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam satu liter air murni, terdapat ion H<sup>+</sup> dan OH<sup>-</sup> dengan konsentrasi masing – masing 10<sup>-7</sup> M. Sehingga, pH air murni adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pH = - log [10<sup>-7</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pH = 7<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil kali ion [H<sup>+</sup>] dan [OH<sup>-</sup>] dalam air selalu konstan, dan disebut tetapan air (K<sub>w</sub>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> K<sub>w</sub> = [H<sup>+</sup>] [OH<sup>-</sup>] = 10<sup>-14</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pH + pOH = 14<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.2 Derajat keasaman (pH) Asam / Basa Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam dan basa lemah hanya terurai sebagian dalam air. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila asam lemah terurai dalam air :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> HA + H<sub>2</sub>O = H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> + A<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetapan kesetimbangan untuk asam lemah (K<sub>a</sub>) dinyatakan sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBszuJlywKvr2j-_yxX99w4sihYzPZr5gNmT5nuRbp9SGmhymS94WbrqdXBTO9ouD88q27QLi5humzKIZ2jqE7WAfiWnvQwsLMT4_YDCYki1uojpe-axZ_tvN4X2pDkcfk_MJp55KLdc/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIBszuJlywKvr2j-_yxX99w4sihYzPZr5gNmT5nuRbp9SGmhymS94WbrqdXBTO9ouD88q27QLi5humzKIZ2jqE7WAfiWnvQwsLMT4_YDCYki1uojpe-axZ_tvN4X2pDkcfk_MJp55KLdc/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai <i>pH</i> asam lemah dinyatakan sebagai:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>pH</i> = - log [H<sup>+</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M adalah nilai konsentrasi larutan yang akan ditentukan derajat keasamannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basa lemah terurai dalam air dengan reaksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NH<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O = NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetapan kesetimbangan untuk asam lemah (K<sub>a</sub>) dinyatakan sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jhH2hote6ioxu4jcC4SQ2jnDxrdPik9YZSeQzzJn4S9X7dB6goTEOhfR0Tkn3w0X3vLKiV1ywn4ipiI9E63m6on1Yxao4_cczqvXpX8Tt0oZlQu81zeO89sy1DUX3fufGwZfmNAn2JY/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jhH2hote6ioxu4jcC4SQ2jnDxrdPik9YZSeQzzJn4S9X7dB6goTEOhfR0Tkn3w0X3vLKiV1ywn4ipiI9E63m6on1Yxao4_cczqvXpX8Tt0oZlQu81zeO89sy1DUX3fufGwZfmNAn2JY/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai <i>pOH</i> basa lemah dinyatakan sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>pOH</i> =<i> </i>- log [OH<sup>-</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3. Larutan Penyangga (<i>Buffer</i>)</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila suatu larutan mengandung asam dan basa lemah, larutan tersebut dapat menyerap penambahan sedikit asam / basa kuat. Penambahan asam kuat akan dinetralkan oleh basa lemah, sedangkan penambahan basa kuat akan dinetralkan oleh asam lemah. Larutan seperti ini disebut sebagai larutan penyangga atau larutan <i>buffer</i>. Pada umumnya, larutan penyangga merupakan pasangan asam – basa konjugasi yang dibuat dari asam / basa lemah dan garamnya. Contohnya asam asetat (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) dan natrium asetat (CH<sub>3</sub>COONa). Ion asetat (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup>) merupakan basa konjugat dari asam asetat. Untuk larutan penyangga, nilai pH dan pOH dinyatakan sebagai<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqhYAaTRdbR0QPiFFUklSdNx8hnceV6au9gSRnn7dyXest3fig9dzsUwYlC0AA8CuyOH4uoa0JrHAbjEC4aBE0fKO7iItAL-TlMVkSBMlmTm5CpiNXmeYdGihjbi_6_tRVNI5rS4XcSEI/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqhYAaTRdbR0QPiFFUklSdNx8hnceV6au9gSRnn7dyXest3fig9dzsUwYlC0AA8CuyOH4uoa0JrHAbjEC4aBE0fKO7iItAL-TlMVkSBMlmTm5CpiNXmeYdGihjbi_6_tRVNI5rS4XcSEI/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4. Hasil Kali Kelarutan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya, sebagian besar garam, yang terbentuk dari reaksi penetralan asam – basa, larut dalam air. Dalam larutan jenuh, berlaku asumsi adanya kestimbangan antara garam yang tidak terlarut dengan ion – ion garam yang terlarut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9gbdzNchWjp3jnOvzGJoOOx9GbK6K45SxLTv3tgcInhVec9NvF451Ni7P1TN7cD36qyZRez1DJrVuETQq-7GhhbL3b9YstmGYC0R9g5dguMQx6cbZi8qTt5Xp6gj_pESIoLjmvcrOLFc/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9gbdzNchWjp3jnOvzGJoOOx9GbK6K45SxLTv3tgcInhVec9NvF451Ni7P1TN7cD36qyZRez1DJrVuETQq-7GhhbL3b9YstmGYC0R9g5dguMQx6cbZi8qTt5Xp6gj_pESIoLjmvcrOLFc/s1600/Untitled.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besaran K<sub>sp</sub> disebut sebagai konstanta hasil kali kelarutan, yang nilainya tertentu untuk tiap jenis garam. Karena nilai K<sub>sp</sub> diketahui, maka kelarutan Ag<sup>+</sup> dan Cl<sup>-</sup> dalam air murni dapat dihitung. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K<sub>sp</sub></span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = [Ag<sup>+</sup>] [Cl<sup>-</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1,7.10<sup>-10</sup> = x.x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> x = √1,7.10<sup>-10</sup> = 1,3.10<sup>-5</sup> M<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika garam dilarutkan dalam pelarut yang mengandung salah satu ion pembentuk garam tersebut, maka kelarutannya akan lebih kecil. Hal ini disebut sebagai pengaruh ion sejenis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : AgCl yang dilarutkan dalam larutan NaCl 0,01M.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diketahui : K<sub>sp</sub> = 1,7.10<sup>-10</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Ag<sup>+</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Cl<sup>-</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">m<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">x<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">x<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">x<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,01 – x ≈ 0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K<sub>sp</sub></span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = [Ag<sup>+</sup>] [Cl<sup>-</sup>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1,7.10<sup>-10</sup> = x . 0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> x = 1,7.10<sup>-8</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5. Hidrolisa</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila garam bereaksi dengan air, maka akan terurai dan melepaskan asam atau basa bebas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> BA + H<sub>2</sub>O = BOH + HA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses ini disebut sebagai hidrolisa. Salah satu produk reaksi ini (HA atau BOH) akan terurai kembali bila asam atau basa tersebut merupakan elektrolit kuat. Tetapan kesetimbangan reaksi hidrolisa (K<sub>h</sub>) dinyatakan sebagai <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> K<sub>h</sub> = <u>Kw</u></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( bila garam terbentuk dari basa kuat dan asam lemah )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ka</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau K<sub>h</sub> = <u>Kw</u> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( bila garam terbentuk dari asam kuat dan basa lemah )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kb</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbandingan antara bagian yang terhidrolisa dengan kadar garam semula disebut derajat hidrolisa (</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04589279190492718438noreply@blogger.com0